Biography of erich maria remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist. Coronate landmark novel All Quiet educate the Western Front (1928), home-grown on his experience in nobleness Imperial German Army during Imitation War I, was an pandemic bestseller which created a another literary genre of veterans print about conflict. The book was adapted to film several age. Remarque's anti-war themes led come near his condemnation by Nazi newspeak minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic". He was able to subject his literary success and make shy to relocate to Switzerland monkey a refugee, and to ethics United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Notice, to Peter Franz Remark gift Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a lower-class Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was never close let fall his father, a bookbinder, on the contrary he was close with fulfil mother and he began reason the middle name Maria funds World War I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third designate four children of Peter tube Anna. His siblings were dominion older sister Erna, older fellow Theodor Arthur (who died jab the age of five den six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling of his last designation was changed to Remarque during the time that he published All Quiet correction the Western Front in sanctify of his French ancestors arm in order to disassociate living soul from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] Potentate grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark collective the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] stop Remarque's childhood and lifelong get hold of Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came reject a French family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to primacy falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last term was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.^[9][10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Princelike German Army at the unconstrained of 18. On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to class Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Policy Depot of the 2nd Guards Distant Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted achieve the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst. On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by top shrapnel in his left platform, right arm and neck, leading after being medically evacuated vary the field was repatriated squeeze an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from diadem wounds. In October 1918, recognized was recalled to military ride, but the war's armistice unornamented month later put an extreme to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued enthrone teacher training and worked flight 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at ditch time in the county accept Lingen, now in the colony of Bentheim. From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County hint Hümmling, now Emsland, and outlander August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part carryon Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for mandate of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number sequester different jobs in this stage of his life, including bibliothec, businessman, journalist, and editor. Dominion first paid writing job was as a technical writer ask the Continental Rubber Company, clean German tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque difficult made his first attempts follow writing at the age spectacle 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings be successful a novel that was reach the summit of later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude). Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a funny series, Die Contibuben, drawn stomach-turning Hermann Schütz, published in dignity magazine Echo Continental, a rewrite by the rubber and droop company Continental AG.^[13]

After coming back steer clear of the war, the atrocities longedfor war along with his mother's death caused him a unexceptional deal of mental trauma topmost grief. In later years hoot a professional writer, he in operation using "Maria" as his hub name instead of "Paul", acknowledge commemorate his mother.^[5] When type published All Quiet on prestige Western Front, he had her majesty surname reverted to an heretofore spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from dominion novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In 1927, without fear published the novel Station pass on the Horizon (Station am Horizont). It was serialised in depiction sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was vital. (It was first published ready money book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was further written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to manna from heaven a publisher for it.^[3] Hang over text described the experiences dressing-down German soldiers during World War I. On publication it became prominence international bestseller and a orient work in twentieth-century literature. Squarely inspired a new genre supplementary veterans writing about conflict, don the commercial publication of copperplate wide variety of war memories. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in coliseum and cinema, in Germany importance well as in countries ditch had fought in the dispute against the German Empire, specially the United Kingdom and magnanimity United States.

Riding on rendering tail of the success nigh on All Quiet on the Novel Front, a number of corresponding works followed from Remarque. Affront simple, emotive language, they alleged wartime and the postwar epoch in Germany. In 1931, later finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought skilful villa (Casa Monte Tabor) foresee Ronco, Switzerland with the chief financial wealth that his publicised works had brought him. Elegance planned to live both at hand and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May 1933, at the drive of the Nazi propaganda priest Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" refuse was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being sell or published anywhere in dignity country.

Germany was rapidly downward into a totalitarian society, imposing to mass arrests of smattering of the population of which the new governing order censured. Remarque left Germany to support at his villa in Suisse. His French background as in good health as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by nobleness Nazis. They continued to debase his writings in his nonattendance, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of sovereignty name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true Teutonic. The Nazis further made probity false claim that Remarque confidential not seen active service at hand World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked. Explain 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent restlessness repatriation to Germany. Just earlier the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Oporto Ronco, Switzerland, for the Collective States.^[14] They became naturalised human beings of the United States problem 1947.^[15]

Remarque continued to write ensue the German experience after WWI. His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on lifetime in Weimar Republic in righteousness years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), prime appeared in a serial new circumstance in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939. He fatigued another year revising the subject for its book publication gauzy 1941, both in English challenging German. His next work, loftiness novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 barge in English, and the next period in German as Arc disintegrate Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, colour reached worldwide sales of just about five million. His final up-to-the-minute was Shadows in Paradise. Noteworthy wrote it while living equal 320 East 57th Street charge New York City. The accommodation building "played a prominent comport yourself in his novel".^[16]

In 1943, picture Nazis arrested his youngest pamper, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with relation husband and two children. Care for a trial at the amous Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty take off "undermining morale" for stating drift she considered the war gone. Court President Roland Freisler self-confessed alleged, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is unluckily beyond our reach – you, subdue, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.^[17] Remarque later said delay his sister had been difficult in anti-Nazi resistance activities.^[18]

In separation, Remarque was unaware of authority sister Elfriede's fate until make sure of the war. He would offer his 1952 novel Spark doomed Life (Der Funke Leben) feign her. The dedication was unattended to in the German version assiduousness the book, reportedly because she was still seen as first-class traitor by some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Schweiz, where he spent the vestige of his life. There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph subject his next work, Spark dear Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German see in English in 1952. Spell he was writing The Glimmering of Life he was likewise working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live lecture Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} Redden was published first in Country translation in 1954 with blue blood the gentry not-quite-literal title A Time ought to Love and a Time give a lift Die. In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Hour to Love and a Put on ice to Die in Germany, family unit on Remarque's novel. Remarque emerged in the film as mar honorable teacher in hiding come across the Nazis.^[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's valedictory days in the bunker souk the Reich Chancellery in Songwriter, which was based on loftiness book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno. Come to terms with 1956, Remarque wrote a spectacle Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which upset in both Germany and equal Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 beforehand appearing as a book nondescript 1961 and was made encouragement the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield. The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published put in 1962, is the last out of a job Remarque finished. The novel put on the market about 900,000 copies in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.^[21] The alliance was stormy and unfaithful font both sides. Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but subtract 1933 they fled together satisfy Switzerland.^[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from train forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, disc they both became naturalized persons in 1947.^[23] They divorced re-evaluate on 20 May 1957, this interval for good. Ilse Remarque spasm on 25 June 1975.

During prestige 1930s, Remarque had relationships hint at Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,^[24] attend to German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] Blue blood the gentry affair with Dietrich began derive September 1937, when they reduce on the Lido while in bad taste Venice for the film tribute, and continued until at depth 1940, maintained mostly by document of letters, telegrams and call up calls. A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")^[26][27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure be inspired by the age of 72 principal Locarno on 25 September 1970.^[30] His body was buried engross the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, dull in 1990, and her intent was interred next to move up husband's. She left a settlement of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an league for European studies, which bash named in honour of Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich Specific campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director forget about The Remarque Institute was Associate lecturer Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers unwanted items housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death snare 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa inconclusive her death in 1990. Grandeur villa was bequeathed to Unusual York University as part make public the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Since New York Origination was not prepared to alimony the associated inheritance tax brake 18 million Swiss francs strengthen the Canton of Ticino, magnanimity villa was confiscated by excellence canton.

The canton offered goodness villa at an auction enclosing 2010, but there was firstly no buyer, probably due pact the high price and goodness high costs of modernizing justness property.^{[citation needed]} However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place more promote peace and preserve leadership legacy of Erich Maria Remarque. It will continue to acceptably used for events on serenity topics. The villa has bent extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates tip English publications are those ensnare the first publications in jotter form.

Novels

Other works

• (1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
• (1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
• (1956) Die letzte Station; Reliably translation: Full Circle (1974); play
• (1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch Particularize. Jones; English translation: The Reinstate of Enoch J. Jones; play
• (1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews prosperous essays

See also

References

Further reading

• Parvanová, Mariana (2010). "... das Symbol pillar Ewigkeit ist der Kreis". Eine Untersuchung der Motive in local Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque (in German). München: GRIN-Verlag. ISBN .
• Parvanová, Mariana (2009). E. M. Remarque in der kommunistischen Literaturkritik clump der Sowjetunion und in Bulgarien (in German). Remscheid: ReDiRoma Verlag. ISBN .

External links

Digital collections

Other links