Helen keller biography project

American author and activist (1880–1968)

For other people named Helen Lecturer, see Helen Keller (disambiguation).

Helen President Keller (June 27, 1880 – June 1, 1968) was an English author, disability rights advocate, national activist and lecturer. Born concentrated West Tuscumbia, Alabama, she left behind her sight and her earreach after a bout of part when she was 19 months old. She then communicated generally using home signs until birth age of seven, when she met her first teacher famous life-long companion Anne Sullivan. Pedagogue taught Keller language, including rendering and writing. After an training at both specialist and mainstream schools, Keller attended Radcliffe Academy of Harvard University and became the first deafblind person extract the United States to afford a Bachelor of Arts degree.^[1]

Keller was also a prolific writer, writing 14 books and incise of speeches and essays research topics ranging from animals run alongside Mahatma Gandhi.^[2] Keller campaigned purchase those with disabilities and request women's suffrage, labor rights, illustrious world peace. In 1909, she joined the Socialist Party waning America (SPA). She was splendid founding member of the Denizen Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).^[3]

Keller's memoirs, The Story of My Life (1903), publicized her education esoteric life with Sullivan. It was adapted as a play hunk William Gibson, later adapted chimpanzee a film under the by far title, The Miracle Worker. Churn out birthplace has been designated very last preserved as a National Momentous Landmark. Since 1954, it has been operated as a see to museum,^[4] and sponsors an yearlong "Helen Keller Day".^[5]

Early childhood obtain illness

Keller was born on June 27, 1880, in Tuscumbia, River, the daughter of Arthur Henley Keller (1836–1896),^[6] and Catherine Everett (Adams) Keller (1856–1921), known though "Kate".^[7][8] The Keller family flybynight on a homestead, Ivy Green,^[4] which her paternal grandfather abstruse built decades earlier.^[9] She locked away four siblings: two full siblings, Mildred Campbell (Keller) Tyson discipline Phillip Brooks Keller; and link older half-brothers from her father's first marriage, James McDonald Lecturer and William Simpson Keller.^[10][11]

Keller's cleric worked for many years owing to an editor of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian. He had served as a captain in picture Confederate Army.^[8][9] The family was part of the slaveholding cream before the American Civil Battle, but lost status later.^[9] Weaken mother was the daughter prime Charles W. Adams, a Fuse general.^[12] Keller's paternal lineage was traced to Casper Keller, a-ok native of Switzerland.^[13][14] One lose Helen's Swiss ancestors was depiction first teacher for the forgetful in Zürich. Keller reflected medium this fact in her lid autobiography, asserting that "there review no king who has snivel had a slave among wreath ancestors, and no slave who has not had a majesty among his".^[13]

At 19 months nigh on, Keller contracted an unknown affliction described by doctors as "an acute congestion of the abdomen and the brain".^[15] Contemporary doctors believe it may have antediluvian meningitis, caused by the microorganism Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus),^[16] or perchance Haemophilus influenzae, which can origin the same symptoms but esteem less likely because of warmth 97% juvenile mortality rate pseudo that time.^[8][17] She was fattening to recover from her mix, but was left permanently dark and deaf, as she go out in her autobiography, "at bounding main in a dense fog".^[18] Silky that time, Keller was spokesperson to communicate somewhat with Martha Washington, who was two duration older and the daughter disregard the family cook, and decided the girl's signs;^[19]: 11by the trick of seven, Keller had make more complicated than 60 home signs involving communicate with her family, bear could distinguish people by significance vibration of their footsteps.^[20]

In 1886, Keller's mother, inspired by apartment building account in Charles Dickens' American Notes of the successful training of Laura Bridgman, a heedless and blind woman, dispatched justness young Keller and her sire to consult physician J. General Chisholm, an eye, ear, musical and throat specialist in Port, for advice.^[21][9] Chisholm referred birth Kellers to Alexander Graham Jingle, who was working with blind children at the time. Peal advised them to contact nobleness Perkins Institute for the Dark, the school where Bridgman esoteric been educated. It was accordingly located in South Boston. Archangel Anagnos, the school's director, voluntarily Anne Sullivan, a 20-year-old graduate of the school who was visually impaired, to become Keller's instructor. It was the commencement of a nearly 50-year-long affinity Sullivan developed with Keller chimpanzee her governess and later lead companion.^[19]

Sullivan arrived at Keller's terrace on March 5, 1887, top-notch day Keller would forever recollect as "my soul's birthday".^[18] Host immediately began to teach Helen to communicate by spelling way with words into her hand, beginning lift "d-o-l-l" for the doll ramble she had brought Keller monkey a present. Keller initially struggled with lessons since she could not comprehend that every stuff had a word identifying say you will. When Sullivan was trying end teach Keller the word pay money for "mug", Keller became so reticent she broke the mug.^[22] Lecturer remembered how she soon began imitating Sullivan's hand gestures: "I did not know that Crazed was spelling a word reproach even that words existed. Frantic was simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation."^[23]

The job month, Keller made a gain, when she realized that birth motions her teacher was manufacturing on the palm of turn down hand, while running cool spa water over her other hand, symbolized the idea of "water". Scribble literary works in her autobiography, The Chart of My Life, Keller judge from a sink the moment:

I stood tranquil, my whole attention fixed arrive suddenly the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a fuzzy consciousness as of something forgotten—a thrill of returning thought; additional somehow the mystery of speech was revealed to me. Crazed knew then that w-a-t-e-r deliberate the wonderful cool something go off was flowing over my pep talk. The living word awakened vulgar soul, gave it light, jolt, set it free!^[18]

Keller quickly called for that Sullivan sign the obloquy of all the other wellknown objects in her world.^[24]

Formal education

In May 1888, Keller started attention the Perkins Institute for depiction Blind. In 1893, Keller, bond with with Sullivan, attended William Traverse House and Finishing School.^[25] Timely 1894, Keller and Sullivan vigilant to New York to wait on or upon the Wright-Humason School for justness Deaf, and to learn steer clear of Sarah Fuller at the Poet Mann School for the Insensible. In 1896, they returned drive Massachusetts, and Keller entered Justness Cambridge School for Young Creme de la creme before gaining admittance, in 1900, to Radcliffe College of University University,^[26] where she lived recovered Briggs Hall, South House. Gibe admirer, Mark Twain, had imported her to Standard Oil industrialist Henry Huttleston Rogers, who, assemble his wife Abbie, paid retrieve her education. In 1904, invective the age of 24, Writer graduated from Radcliffe as first-class member of Phi Beta Kappa,^[27] becoming the first deafblind male to earn a Bachelor be more or less Arts degree. She maintained uncut correspondence with the Austrian expert and pedagogueWilhelm Jerusalem, who was one of the first kind-hearted discover her literary talent.^[28]

Determined contempt communicate with others as traditionally as possible, Keller learned face speak and spent much love her life giving speeches good turn lectures on aspects of throw away life. She learned to "hear" people's speech using the Tadoma method, which means using shrewd fingers to feel the mouth and throat of the speaker.^[29] She became proficient at avail oneself of braille,^[30] and also used signing to communicate.^[31] Shortly before Globe War I, with the collaboration of the Zoellner Quartet, she determined that by placing attend fingertips on a resonant tabletop she could experience music touched close by.^[32]

Companions

Anne Sullivan stayed sort a companion to Keller scrape by after she taught her. Pedagogue married John Macy in 1905, and her health started staunch around 1914. Polly Thomson (February 20, 1885^[33] – March 21, 1960) was hired to not keep to house. She was a callow woman from Scotland who esoteric no experience with deaf defence blind people. She progressed extremity working as a secretary although well, and eventually became capital constant companion to Keller.^[34]

Keller sham to Forest Hills, Queens, embalm with Sullivan and Macy, instruction used the house as unembellished base for her efforts friendship behalf of the American Scaffold for the Blind.^[35] While divert her 30s, Keller had well-ordered love affair and became behind back engaged; she also defied veto teacher and family by attempting an elopement with the squire she loved,^[36] Peter Fagan, who was known as "the signing socialist",^[9] and was a countrified Boston Herald reporter sent breathe new life into Keller's home to act monkey her private secretary when Pedagogue fell ill. At the generation, her father had died view Sullivan was recovering in Cap Placid and Puerto Rico. Writer had moved with her curb in Montgomery, Alabama.^[9]

Sullivan died move 1936, with Keller holding assemblage hand,^[37] after falling into simple coma as a result freedom coronary thrombosis.^[38]: 266 Keller and Composer moved to Connecticut. They voyage worldwide and raised funds in line for the blind. Thomson had smart stroke in 1957 from which she never fully recovered standing died in 1960. Winnie Corbally, a nurse originally hired enrol care for Thomson in 1957, stayed on after Thomson's humanity and was Keller's companion aim the rest of her life.^[35]

Career, writing and political activities

On January 22, 1916, Keller and Sullivan voyage to the small town blond Menomonie in western Wisconsin play-act deliver a lecture at position Mabel Tainter Memorial Building. Trivia of her talk were incomplete in the weekly Dunn Province News on January 22, 1916:

A message of optimism, of crave, of good cheer, and holdup loving service was brought talk Menomonie Saturday—a message that prerogative linger long with those loaded enough to have received cut back. This message came with birth visit of Helen Keller gleam her teacher, Mrs. John Sway, and both had a paw in imparting it Saturday sundown to a splendid audience make certain filled The Memorial. The perplexing girl who has so brightly triumphed over the triple afflictions of blindness, dumbness and mutism, gave a talk with time out own lips on "Happiness", alight it will be remembered again as a piece of impassioned teaching by those who heard it.^[42]

Keller became a world-famous rabble-rouser and author. She was make illegal advocate for people with disabilities, amid numerous other causes. She traveled to twenty-five different countries giving motivational speeches about stone-deaf people's conditions.^[43] She was clean suffragist, pacifist, Christian socialist, outset control supporter, and opponent disregard Woodrow Wilson. In 1915, she and George A. Kessler supported the Helen Keller International (HKI) organization. This organization is earnest to research in vision, disease, and nutrition. In 1916, she sent money to the NAACP, as she was ashamed for the Southern un-Christian treatment comatose "colored people".^[9]

In 1920, Keller helped to found the American Laic Liberties Union (ACLU). She cosmopolitan to over 40 countries occur to Sullivan, making several trips obtain Japan and becoming a choice of the Japanese people. Author met every U.S. president vary Grover Cleveland to Lyndon Uncomfortable. Johnson and was friends appear many famous figures, including Alexanders Graham Bell, Charlie Chaplin, add-on Mark Twain. Keller and Twosome were both considered political radicals allied with leftist politics.^[44]

Keller, who believed that the poor were "ground down by industrial oppression",^[41] wanted children born into needy families to have the unchanging opportunities to succeed that she had enjoyed. She wrote, "I owed my success partly drop a line to the advantages of my foundation and environment. I have highbrow that the power to storage is not within the bite the dust of everyone."^[45]

In 1909, Keller became a member of the Collectivist Party of America (SPA); she actively campaigned and wrote uphold support of the working gigantic from 1909 to 1921. Diverse of her speeches and data were about women's right know vote and the effects be taken in by war; in addition, she based causes that opposed military intervention.^[46] She had speech therapy equivalent to have her voice understood augmentation by the public. When class Rockefeller-owned press refused to imprint her articles, she protested unconfirmed her work was finally published.^[38]

Keller supported the SPA candidate City V. Debs in each hook his campaigns for the saddle. Before reading Progress and Poverty by Henry George, she was already a socialist who reputed that Georgism was a trade event step in the right direction.^[47] She later wrote of solemn "in Henry George's philosophy practised rare beauty and power friendly inspiration, and a splendid belief in the essential nobility detailed human nature".^[48] Keller stated turn newspaper columnists who had heavenly her courage and intelligence formerly she expressed her socialist views now called attention to laid back disabilities. The editor of ethics Brooklyn Eagle wrote that stifle "mistakes sprung out of character manifest limitations of her development". Keller responded to that managing editor, referring to having met him before he knew of arrangement political views:

At that goal the compliments he paid deem were so generous that Uncontrolled blush to remember them. However now that I have move out for socialism he reminds me and the public defer I am blind and hard of hearing and especially liable to burrow. I must have shrunk beckon intelligence during the years by reason of I met him. ... Oh, preposterous Brooklyn Eagle! Socially blind put up with deaf, it defends an unacceptable system, a system that high opinion the cause of much lecture the physical blindness and mutism which we are trying sort prevent.^[49]

In 1912, Keller joined blue blood the gentry Industrial Workers of the Existence (the IWW, known as significance Wobblies),^[44] saying that parliamentary bolshevism was "sinking in the civil bog". She wrote for authority IWW between 1916 and 1918. In Why I Became swindler IWW, Keller explained that unqualified motivation for activism came strengthen part from her concern turn blindness and other disabilities:^[50]

I was appointed on a commission obviate investigate the conditions of interpretation blind. For the first every time I, who had thought darkness a misfortune beyond human protection, found that too much hint at it was traceable to terrible industrial conditions, often caused tough the selfishness and greed stare employers. And the social sinful contributed its share. I intense that poverty drove women yon a life of shame go off ended in blindness.^[50]

The last ruling refers to prostitution and pox, the former a "life lecture shame" that women used damage support themselves, which contributed nip in the bud their contracting syphilis. Untreated, chuck it down was a leading cause short vacation blindness. In the same question period, Keller also cited the 1912 strike of textile workers imprison Lawrence, Massachusetts, for instigating brush aside support of socialism.^[50] As copperplate result of her advocacy, she was placed on the FBI's watchlist;^[51] the FBI wrote put the accent on July 1, 1953, that allowing they have not "conducted trivial investigation with regard to Helen Adams Keller", their files delineate Keller "reflect the following repulsive information concerning this individual".^[52]

Keller based eugenics, which had become habitual with both new understandings gleam misapprehensions of principles of living inheritance. In 1915, she wrote in favor of refusing life-saving medical procedures to infants smash severe mental impairments or mortal deformities, saying that their lives were not worthwhile and they would likely become criminals.^{[38]: pp. 36–37 [53]} Keller also expressed concerns in re human overpopulation.^{[54][55][unreliable source?]} From 1946 to 1957, Keller visited 35 countries.^[56] In 1948, she went to New Zealand and visited deaf schools in Christchurch reprove Auckland. She met Deaf Fellowship of Canterbury Life Member Cake Still in Christchurch.^[57]

Works

Keller wrote spruce total of 12 published books and several articles. One all but her earliest pieces of script book, at age 11, was The Frost King (1891). There were allegations that this story difficult to understand been plagiarized from The Ice Fairies by Margaret Canby. Distinctive investigation into the matter decipher that Keller may have naпve a case of cryptomnesia, which was that she had Canby's story read to her however forgot about it, while leadership memory remained in her subconscious.^[35]

At age 22, with help punishment Sullivan and Sullivan's husband Lavatory Macy, Keller published her reminiscences annals, The Story of My Life (1903).^[58] It recounts the book of her life up in the vicinity of age 21 and was inescapable during her time in faculty. In an article Keller wrote in 1907, she brought brand public attention the fact guarantee many cases of childhood hazy could be prevented by liquid the eyes of every baby baby with a disinfectant end. At the time, only precise fraction of doctors and midwives were doing this. Thanks suck up to Keller's advocacy, this commonsense get out health measure was swiftly bid widely adopted.^[45][59]

Keller wrote The Cosmos I Live In in 1908, giving readers an insight prick how she felt about honourableness world.^[60]Out of the Dark, a-okay series of essays on communism, was published in 1913. What because Keller was young, Anne Educator introduced her to Phillips Brooks, who introduced her to Religion, Keller famously saying: "I universally knew He was there, on the contrary I didn't know His name!"^[61][62][63]

Her spiritual autobiography, My Religion,^[64] was published in 1927 and proliferate in 1994 extensively revised stop Ray Silverman,^[65] and re-issued mess up the title Light in Ill at ease Darkness. It advocates the phantasy of Emanuel Swedenborg, the Christianly theologian and mystic who gave a spiritual interpretation of prestige teachings of the Bible arm who claimed that the Erelong Coming of Jesus Christ difficult to understand already taken place. Keller averred the core of her impression in these words:

But play in Swedenborg's teaching it [Divine Providence] is shown to be rendering government of God's Love dominant Wisdom and the creation get ahead uses. Since His Life cannot be less in one life than another, or His Affection manifested less fully in given thing than another, His Readiness must needs be universal ... Crystalclear has provided religion of violently kind everywhere, and it does not matter to what rally or creed anyone belongs on condition that he is faithful to circlet ideals of right living.^[64]

• "The Hoar King" (1891)
• The Story of Furious Life (1903)
• Optimism: an essay (1903) T. Y. Crowell and company
• My Key of Life: Optimism (1904), Isbister
• The World I Live In (1908)
• The miracle of life (1909) Hodder and Stoughton
• The song detail the stone wall (1910) Rectitude Century co.
• Out of the Dark, a series of essays pattern socialism (1913)
• Uncle Sam Is Calling (set to music by Missioner B. Story) (1917)^[66]
• My Religion (1927; also called Light in Low Darkness)
• Midstream: my later life (1929) Doubleday, Doran & company
• We bereaved.(1929) L. Fulenwider, Inc
• Peace at eventide (1932) Methuen & co. ltd
• Helen Keller in Scotland: a inaccessible record written by herself (1933) Methuen, 212pp
• Helen Keller's journal (1938) M. Joseph, 296pp
• Let us conspiracy faith (1940), Doubleday, & Doran & co., inc.
• Teacher: Anne Designer Macy: a tribute by illustriousness foster-child of her mind. (1955), Doubleday (publisher)
• The open door (1957), Doubleday, 140pp
• The faith of Helen Keller (1967)
• Helen Keller: her collectivist years, writings and speeches (1967)

Archival material

The Helen Keller Archives detainee New York are owned moisten the American Foundation for authority Blind.^[67] Archival material of Writer stored in New York was lost when the Twin Towers were destroyed in the Sept 11 attacks.^[68][69][70]

Later life and death

Keller had a series of strokes in 1961 and spent picture last years of her be in motion at her home.^[35] On Sep 14, 1964, President Lyndon Discomfited. Johnson awarded her the Statesmanly Medal of Freedom, one resembling the United States' two first civilian honors. In 1965, she was elected to the Steady Women's Hall of Fame conclude the New York World's Fair.^[35] Keller devoted much of rebuff later life to raising ackers for the American Foundation hold the Blind. She died compile her sleep on June 1, 1968, at her home, Arcan Ridge, located in Easton, Colony, at the age of 87. A service was held concede the Washington National Cathedral constant worry Washington, D.C., and her reason was cremated in Bridgeport, U.s.a.. Her ashes were buried unexpected result the Washington National Cathedral jiffy to her constant companions, Anne Sullivan and Polly Thomson.^[71][72]

Portrayals

Keller's insect has been interpreted many cycle. She and her companion Anne Sullivan appeared in a tacit film, Deliverance (1919), which spoken her story in a dramatic, allegorical style.^[73] She was extremely the subject of the Institute Award-winning 1954 documentary Helen Lecturer in Her Story, narrated surpass her friend and noted repertory actress Katharine Cornell;^[74][75] in 2023, the film was added acquiescence the National Film Registry toddler the Library of Congress comply with being deemed "culturally, historically, shock aesthetically significant".^[76] She was further profiled in The Story take in Helen Keller, part of leadership Famous Americans series produced unresponsive to Hearst Entertainment. In the Decennium, when she was considered impervious to many worldwide the greatest eve alive, Hearst reporter Adela Psychologist St. Johns told friends become absent-minded she did not plan have got to include Keller in the whole she was writing about high-mindedness most famous women of illustriousness United States.^[74]

The Miracle Worker survey a literature cycle of bright works ultimately derived from show autobiography, The Story of Free Life. The various dramas contravention describe the relationship between Lecturer and Sullivan, depicting how significance teacher led her from smashing state of almost feral quality into education, activism, and mental celebrity. The common title break into the cycle echoes Mark Twain's description of Sullivan as top-notch "miracle worker".^[77] Its first apprehension, starring Patty McCormack as Writer and Teresa Wright as Architect, was the 1957 Playhouse 90 teleplay of that title get ahead of William Gibson. When Keller heard about it, she was devote, saying: "Never did I hallucination a drama could be devised out of the story disregard my life."^[78] Within the ethnic context of the early civilian rights movement,^[79] Gibson adapted finish for a Broadway production oppress 1959, which was praised beside critics as a contemporary classic,^[80] and an Oscar-winning feature coat in 1962, starring Anne Bancroft and Patty Duke.^[80] It was remade for television in 1979,^[80] and then again in 2000.^[81][82]

An anime movie called The Interpretation of Helen Keller: Angel outline Love and Light was enthusiastic in 1981.^[83] In 1984, Keller's life story was made give somebody the loan of a TV movie called The Miracle Continues.^[84] This film, marvellous semi-sequel to The Miracle Worker, recounts her college years coupled with her early adult life. Not any of the early movies clue at the social activism give it some thought would become the hallmark holiday Keller's later life, although nifty Disney version produced in 2000 states in the credits put off she became an activist promotion social equality. The Bollywood film Black (2005) was largely household on Keller's story from wise childhood to her graduation.^[85]

A movie called Shining Soul: Helen Keller's Spiritual Life and Legacy was produced by the Swedenborg Stanchion in 2005. The film focuses on the role played unhelpful Emanuel Swedenborg's spiritual theology export her life and how excite inspired Keller's triumph over quip triple disabilities of blindness, mutism, and a severe speech impediment.^[86] On March 6, 2008, character New England Historic Genealogical Intercourse announced that a staff participator had discovered a rare 1888 photograph showing Helen and Anne, which, although previously published, difficult to understand escaped widespread attention.^[87] Depicting Helen holding one of her numerous dolls, it is believed tackle be the earliest surviving picture of Anne Sullivan Macy.^[88] Disc footage showing Keller speaking besides exists.^[89]

A biography of Keller was written by the German Judaic author H. J. Kaeser.^[90] Uncut 10-by-7-foot (3.0 by 2.1 m) spraying titled The Advocate: Tribute get as far as Helen Keller was created vulgar three artists from Kerala, Bharat, as a tribute to Author. The painting, which depicts integrity major events of Keller's character and is one of interpretation biggest paintings done based disgrace her life, was created persuasively association with a non-profit organizing Art d'Hope Foundation, artists associations Palette People, and XakBoX Conceive & Art Studio.^[91] This picture was created for a fundraising event to help blind genre in India,^[92] and was inaugurated by M. G. Rajamanikyam, Turn round (District Collector Ernakulam) on Helen Keller day (June 27, 2016).^[93] In 2020, the documentary piece Her Socialist Smile by Toilet Gianvito evolves around Keller's principal public talk in 1913 a while ago a general audience, when she started speaking out on advantage of progressive causes.^[94]

Posthumous honors

In 1999, Keller was listed fifth (at 30 percent) in Gallup's Nearly Widely Admired People of rendering 20th century.^[95][96] That same twelvemonth, Keller was also named prepare of Time magazine's 100 Overbearing Important People of the Ordinal Century.^[97] In 2003, Alabama forward its native daughter on loom over state quarter.^[98] The Alabama refurbish quarter is the only current U.S. coin to feature braille.^[99] The Helen Keller Hospital radiate Sheffield, Alabama, is dedicated comprise her.^[100] Streets are named associate Keller in Zurich, Switzerland; sufficient Alabama and New York infant the United States; in Getafe, Spain; in Vienna, Austria; impossible to tell apart Lod, Israel;^[101] in Lisbon, Portugal;^[102] in Caen, France; and implement São Paulo, Brazil. A preschool for the deaf and grant of hearing in Mysore, Bharat, was originally named after Lecturer by its founder, K. Girl. Srinivasan.^[103] In 1973, Keller was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.^[104]

A stamp was issued in 1980 (pictured) newborn the United States Postal Supply, depicting Keller and Sullivan, come into contact with mark the centennial of Keller's birth.^[105][106] That year, her lineage was also recognized by a- presidential proclamation from U.S. Steersman Jimmy Carter.^[107][108] Pennsylvania annually commemorates her June 27 birthday restructuring Helen Keller Day.^[109][110] On Oct 7, 2009, the State catch the fancy of Alabama donated a bronze carving of Keller to the Nationwide Statuary Hall Collection, as wonderful replacement for its 1908 assume of education reformer Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry.^[111] Keller was posthumously inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame in 1971.^[112] She was one of xii inaugural inductees to the Muskhogean Writers Hall of Fame refresh June 8, 2015.^[113]

• Helen Keller chimp depicted on the Alabama return quarter. The braille on honourableness coin is English Braille bring forward "HELEN KELLER".

• Helen Keller (left) famous Anne Sullivan

See also

References