Anna anderson biography

Anna Anderson

Impostor of Anastasia of Land (1896–1984)

Anna Anderson (born Franziska Schanzkowska; 16 December 1896 – 12 Feb 1984) was an impostor who claimed to be Grand Duke Anastasia of Russia.[1] Anastasia, probity youngest daughter of the endure Tsar and Tsarina of State, Nicholas II and Alexandra, was murdered along with her parents and siblings on 17 July 1918 by Bolshevik revolutionaries obligate Yekaterinburg, Russia, but the purpose of her body was hidden until 2007.[2][3]

In 1920, Anderson was institutionalized in a mental infirmary after a suicide attempt deliver Berlin. At first, she went by the name Fräulein Unbekannt (German for Miss Unknown) in the same way she refused to reveal crack up identity.[4] Later, she used prestige name Tschaikovsky and then Physicist. In March 1922, claims defer Anderson was a Russian extravagant duchess received public attention. Uppermost members of Grand Duchess Anastasia's family and those who difficult to understand known her, including court teacher Pierre Gilliard, said Anderson was an impostor but others were convinced she was Anastasia. Lay hands on 1927, a private investigation funded by the Tsarina's brother, Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Writer, identified Anderson as Franziska Schanzkowska, a Polish factory worker add-on a history of mental malady. After a lawsuit lasting myriad years, the German courts ruled that Anderson had failed disdain prove she was Anastasia, nevertheless through media coverage, her contend gained notoriety.[5]

Between 1920 and 1968, Anderson lived in Germany esoteric the United States with indefinite supporters and in nursing covering and sanatoria, including at depth one asylum. She emigrated nominate the United States in 1968. Shortly before the expiration panic about her visa she married story professor Jack Manahan, who was later characterized as "probably Charlottesville's best-loved eccentric".[6] Upon her fatality in 1984, Anderson's body was cremated, and her ashes were buried in the churchyard avoid Castle Seeon, Germany.

After position collapse of communism in prestige Soviet Union, the locations illustrate the bodies of the Czar, Tsarina, and all five virtuous their children were revealed. Miscellaneous laboratories in different countries dyedinthewool their identity through DNA testing.[2] DNA tests on a plait of Anderson's hair and current medical samples of her network showed that her DNA blunt not match that of significance Romanov remains or that be expeditious for living relatives of the Romanovs.[7] Instead, Anderson's mitochondrial DNA duplicate that of Karl Maucher, boss great-nephew of Franziska Schanzkowska.[8] Heavy-handed scientists, historians and journalists who have discussed the case rebut that Anderson and Schanzkowska were the same person.[9]

Dalldorf asylum (1920–1922)

On 27 February 1920,[10] a prepubescent woman attempted to commit kill in Berlin by jumping unscramble the Bendlerstrasse bridge into illustriousness Landwehrkanal. She was rescued by virtue of a police sergeant and was admitted to the Elisabeth Haven on Lützowstrasse. As she was without papers and refused get trapped in identify herself, she was common as Fräulein Unbekannt ("Miss Unknown") to a mental hospital reaction Dalldorf (now Wittenau, in Reinickendorf), where she remained for primacy next two years.[4] The dark patient had scars on brush aside head and body[11] and rundle German with an accent ostensible as "Russian" by medical staff.[12]

In early 1922, Clara Peuthert, pure fellow psychiatric patient, claimed range the unknown woman was Extravagant Duchess Tatiana of Russia, individual of the four daughters neat as a new pin Tsar Nicholas II.[13] On sagacious release, Peuthert told Russian émigré Captain Nicholas von Schwabe focus she had seen Tatiana equal Dalldorf.[14] Schwabe visited the immunity and accepted the woman renovation Tatiana.[15] Schwabe persuaded other émigrés to visit the unknown dame, including Zinaida Tolstoy, a boon companion of Tsarina Alexandra. Eventually Dame Sophie Buxhoeveden, a former charwoman to the Tsarina, visited interpretation asylum with Tolstoy. On beholding the woman, Buxhoeveden declared "She's too short for Tatiana,"[16] abide left convinced the woman was not a Russian grand duchess.[17] A few days later, probity unknown woman noted, "I exact not say I was Tatiana."[18]

A nurse at Dalldorf, Thea Malinovsky, claimed years after the patient's release from the asylum mosey the woman had told disown she was another daughter garbage the Tsar, Anastasia, in loftiness autumn of 1921.[19] However, leadership patient herself could not remember the incident.[20] Her biographers either ignore Malinovsky's claim,[21] or fuse it into their narrative.[22]

Germany opinion Switzerland (1922–1927)

By May 1922, integrity woman was believed by Peuthert, Schwabe, and Tolstoy to lay at somebody's door Anastasia, although Buxhoeveden said here was no resemblance.[23] Nevertheless, grandeur woman was taken out outline the asylum and given straighten up room in the Berlin dwellingplace of Baron Arthur von Dramatist, a Russian émigré who locked away been a police chief auspicious Russian Poland before the ravage of the Tsar. The Songwriter policeman who handled the briefcase, Detective Inspector Franz Grünberg, reflecting that Kleist "may have difficult to understand ulterior motives, as was hinted at in émigré circles: on the assumption that the old conditions should devious be restored in Russia, stylishness hoped for great advancement getaway having looked after the youthful woman."[24]

She began calling herself Anna Tschaikovsky,[25] choosing "Anna" as a-okay short form of "Anastasia",[26] notwithstanding Peuthert "described her everywhere by reason of Anastasia".[27] Tschaikovsky stayed in dignity houses of acquaintances, including Dramatist, Peuthert, a poor working-class kinship called Bachmann, and at Guardian Grünberg's estate at Funkenmühle, in effect Zossen.[28] At Funkenmühle, Grünberg completed for the Tsarina's sister, Queen Irene of Hesse and from end to end of Rhine, to meet Tschaikovsky, however Irene did not recognize her.[29] Grünberg also arranged a arrival from Crown Princess Cecilie precision Prussia, but Tschaikovsky refused assign speak to her, and Cecilie was left perplexed by grandeur encounter.[30] Later, in the Decennium, Cecilie signed a declaration ditch Tschaikovsky was Anastasia,[31] but Cecilie's family disputed her statement direct implied that she had dementia.[32]

By 1925, Tschaikovsky had developed unornamented tuberculous infection of her instrument, and she was placed delight in a succession of hospitals tabloid treatment. Sick and near passing away, she lost significant weight.[33] She was visited by the Tsarina's groom of the chamber Alexei Volkov; Anastasia's tutor Pierre Gilliard; his wife, Alexandra Tegleva, who had been Anastasia's nursemaid; current the Tsar's sister, Grand Marchioness Olga. Although they expressed concern, if only for Tschaikovsky's syndrome, and made no immediate collective declarations, eventually they all denied she was Anastasia.[34] In Hike 1926, she convalesced in Lugano with Harriet von Rathlef parallel the expense of Grand Baroness Anastasia's great-uncle, Prince Valdemar divest yourself of Denmark. Valdemar was willing shut offer Tschaikovsky material assistance, clean up the Danish ambassador to Deutschland, Herluf Zahle, while her oneness was investigated.[35] To allow recipe to travel, the Berlin Aliens Office issued her with clever temporary certificate of identity primate "Anastasia Tschaikovsky", with Grand Appear Anastasia's personal details.[36] After copperplate quarrel with Rathlef, Tschaikovsky was moved to the Stillachhaus Sickbay at Oberstdorf in the State Alps in June 1926, most important Rathlef returned to Berlin.[37]

At Oberstdorf, Tschaikovsky was visited by Tatiana Melnik, née Botkin. Melnik was the niece of Serge Botkin, the head of the State refugee office in Berlin, delighted the daughter of the kingly family's personal physician, Eugene Botkin, who had been murdered by way of the communists alongside the Tsar's family in 1918. Tatiana Melnik had met Grand Duchess Anastasia as a child and abstruse last spoken to her assume February 1917.[38] To Melnik, Tschaikovsky looked like Anastasia, even sift through "the mouth has changed title coarsened noticeably, and because honourableness face is so lean, disclose nose looks bigger than constrain was."[39] In a letter, Melnik wrote: "Her attitude is ingenuous, and altogether she cannot befall reckoned with as a firm adult, but must be put on and directed like a baby. She has not only completed languages, but has in habitual lost the power of meticulous narration ... even the simplest lore she tells incoherently and incorrectly; they are really only unutterable strung together in impossibly ill-formed German ... Her defect is clearly in her memory and eyesight."[40] Melnik declared that Tschaikovsky was Anastasia, and supposed that numerous inability on her part finish off remember events and her turndown to speak Russian was caused by her impaired physical squeeze psychological state.[41] Either inadvertently show a sincere desire to "aid the patient's weak memory",[42] try to be like as part of a time-consuming charade,[43] Melnik coached Tschaikovsky constant details of life in distinction imperial family.

Castle Seeon (1927)

In 1927, under pressure from queen family, Valdemar decided against accoutrement Tschaikovsky with any further pecuniary support, and the funds depart from Denmark were cut off.[44]Duke Martyr of Leuchtenberg, a distant affiliated of the Tsar, gave take it easy a home at Castle Seeon.[45] The Tsarina's brother, Ernest Gladiator, Grand Duke of Hesse, leased a private detective, Martin Knopf, to investigate the claims ramble Tschaikovsky was Anastasia.[46]

During her preserve at Castle Seeon, Knopf stylish that Tschaikovsky was actually practised Polish factory worker called Franziska Schanzkowska.[47] Schanzkowska had worked comport yourself a munitions factory during Earth War I when, shortly back her fiancé had been glue at the front, a rocket fell out of her pep talk and exploded. She had antique injured in the head, unthinkable a foreman was killed feigned front of her.[48] She became apathetic and depressed, was certified insane on 19 September 1916,[49] and spent time in link lunatic asylums.[50] In early 1920, she was reported missing detach from her Berlin lodgings, and owing to then had not been exceptional or heard from by shepherd family.[51] In May 1927, Franziska's brother Felix Schanzkowski was extraneous to Tschaikovsky at a district inn in Wasserburg near Hall Seeon. Leuchtenberg's son, Dmitri, was completely certain that Tschaikovsky was an impostor and that she was recognized by Felix significance his sister,[52] but Leuchtenberg's chick, Natalie, remained convinced of Tschaikovsky's authenticity.[53] Leuchtenberg himself was ambivalent.[54] According to one account, at the start Felix declared that Tschaikovsky was his sister Franziska,[55] but interpretation affidavit he signed spoke nonpareil of a "strong resemblance", highlighted physical differences, and said she did not recognize him.[56] Mature later, Felix's family said renounce he knew Tschaikovsky was coronet sister, but he had horrible to leave her to supplementary new life, which was -off more comfortable than any alternative.[57]

Visitors to Seeon included Potentate Felix Yusupov, husband of Anastasia's paternal cousin Princess Irina Alexandrovna of Russia, who wrote,

I salvage categorically that she is pule Anastasia Nicolaievna, but just type adventuress, a sick hysteric pivotal a frightful playactress. I purely cannot understand how anyone buttonhole be in doubt of that. If you had seen move together, I am convinced that command would recoil in horror pressurize the thought that this alarming creature could be a maid of our Tsar. [emphasis timetabled original][58]

Other visitors, however, much as Felix Dassel, an dignitary whom Anastasia had visited play a role hospital during 1916, and Gleb Botkin, who had known Anastasia as a child and was Tatiana Melnik's brother, were certain that Tschaikovsky was genuine.[59]

United States (1928–1931)

By 1928, Tschaikovsky's claim confidential received interest and attention beckon the United States, where Gleb Botkin had published articles descent support of her cause.[60] Botkin's publicity caught the attention relief a distant cousin of Anastasia's, Xenia Leeds, a former Land princess who had married deft wealthy American industrialist.[61] Botkin put forward Leeds arranged for Tschaikovsky chance on travel to the United States on board the liner Berengaria at Leeds's expense.[62] On rank journey from Seeon to depiction States, Tschaikovsky stopped at Town, where she met Grand Earl Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, integrity Tsar's cousin, who believed make more attractive to be Anastasia.[63] For provoke months Tschaikovsky lived at influence estate of the Leeds coat in Oyster Bay, New York.[64]

As the tenth anniversary of decency Tsar's execution approached in July 1928, Botkin retained a barrister, Edward Fallows, to oversee admissible moves to obtain any confront the Tsar's estate outside fail the Soviet Union. As interpretation death of the Tsar esoteric never been proved, the land could only be released next relatives ten years after integrity supposed date of his death.[65] Fallows set up a dramatis personae, called the Grandanor Corporation (an acronym of Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia), which sought within spitting distance raise funds by selling shares in any prospective estate.[66] Tschaikovsky claimed that the Tsar difficult deposited money abroad, which ache unsubstantiated rumors of a capacious Romanov fortune in England.[67] High-mindedness surviving relatives of the Romanovs accused Botkin and Fallows invite fortune hunting, and Botkin wrongdoer them of trying to dupe "Anastasia" out of her inheritance.[68] Except for a relatively mini deposit in Germany, distributed pay homage to the Tsar's recognized relations, negation money was ever found.[69] End a quarrel, possibly over Tschaikovsky's claim to the estate (but not over her claim disparagement be Anastasia),[70] Tschaikovsky moved run through of the Leeds' mansion, abide the pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff set for her to live fall back the Garden City Hotel look Hempstead, New York, and subsequent in a small cottage. Tongue-lash avoid the press, she was booked in as Mrs. Physicist, the name by which she was subsequently known.[71] In Oct 1928, after the death adherent the Tsar's mother, the Noblewoman Empress Marie, the 12 closest relations of the Tsar fall over at Marie's funeral and monogrammed a declaration that denounced Author as an impostor.[72] The Kobenhavn Statement, as it would just as to be known, explained: "Our sense of duty compels discomforted to state that the history is only a fairy yarn. The memory of our prized departed would be tarnished provided we allowed this fantastic report to spread and gain impractical credence."[73] Gleb Botkin answered reap a public letter to Illustrious Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Ussr, which referred to the kindred as "greedy and unscrupulous" spreadsheet claimed they were only denouncing Anderson for money.[74]

From early 1929 Anderson lived with Annie Lingo Jennings, a wealthy Park Lane spinster happy to host anthropoid she supposed to be clean daughter of the Tsar.[75] Be thinking of eighteen months, Anderson was class toast of New York Spring up society.[76] Then a pattern prime self-destructive behavior began that culminated in her throwing tantrums, bloodshed her pet parakeet,[77] and hoodwink one occasion running around pure and simple on the roof.[78] On 24 July 1930, Judge Peter Jerk of the New York Incomparable Court signed an order committing her to a mental hospital.[79] Before she could be infatuated away, Anderson locked herself careful her room, and the inception was broken in with effect axe. She was forcibly working engaged to the Four Winds Sickbay in Westchester County, New Dynasty, where she remained for somewhat over a year.[80] In Venerable 1931, Anderson returned to Deutschland accompanied by a private cure in a locked cabin penchant the liner Deutschland.[81] Jennings compensable for the voyage, the inaccessible at the Westchester sanatorium, near an additional six months' attention in the psychiatric wing mimic a nursing home at Ilten near Hanover.[82] On arrival trite Ilten, Anderson was assessed significance sane,[83] but as the warm up was prepaid, and she difficult to understand nowhere else to go, she stayed on in a collection in the sanatorium grounds.[84]

Germany (1931–1968)

Anderson's return to Germany generated exert pressure interest, and drew more personnel of the German aristocracy explicate her cause.[85] She again flybynight itinerantly as a guest bequest her well-wishers.[86] In 1932, interpretation British tabloid News of ethics World published a sensational erection accusing her of being keen Romanian actress who was perpetrating a fraud.[87] Her lawyer, Fallows, filed suit for libel, on the contrary the lengthy case continued in a holding pattern the outbreak of World Bloodshed II, at which time ethics case was dismissed because Dramatist was living in Germany, final German residents could not summon in enemy countries.[85] From 1938, lawyers acting for Anderson curb Germany contested the distribution a choice of the Tsar's estate to climax recognized relations, and they advocate turn contested her identity.[88] Magnanimity litigation continued intermittently without resolve for decades; Lord Mountbatten pedate some of his German relations' legal bills against Anderson.[89] Position protracted proceedings became the longest-running lawsuit in German history.[90]

Anderson challenging a final meeting with picture Schanzkowski family in 1938. Gertrude Schanzkowska was insistent that Dramatist was her sister, Franziska,[91] on the contrary the Nazi government had unreal the meeting to determine Anderson's identity, and if accepted orangutan Schanzkowska she would be imprisoned.[92] The Schanzkowski family refused appraise sign affidavits against her, squeeze no further action was taken.[93] In 1940, Edward Fallows labour virtually destitute after wasting industry his own money on recalcitrant to obtain the Tsar's imaginary fortune for the Grandanor Corporation.[94] Toward the end of Artificial War II, Anderson lived take into account Schloss Winterstein with Louise innumerable Saxe-Meiningen, in what became grandeur Soviet occupation zone. In 1946, Prince Frederick of Saxe-Altenburg helped her across the border round on Bad Liebenzell in the Gallic occupation zone.[95]

Prince Frederick settled Playwright in a former army dwelling in the small village use up Unterlengenhardt, on the edge cataclysm the Black Forest, where she became a sort of visitor attraction.[96]Lili Dehn, a friend be keen on Tsarina Alexandra, visited her settle down acknowledged her as Anastasia,[97] however when Charles Sydney Gibbes, Spin tutor to the imperial descendants, met Anderson, he denounced take five as a fraud.[98] In drawing affidavit, he swore, "She join no way resembles the correct Grand Duchess Anastasia that Hilarious had known ... I am completely satisfied that she is want impostor."[99] She became a monk, surrounded by cats, and circlet house began to decay.[100] Have May 1968, Anderson was infatuated to a hospital at Neuenbürg after being discovered semi-conscious hut her cottage. In her non-presence, Prince Frederick cleaned up interpretation property by order of depiction local board of health.[101] Worldweariness Irish Wolfhound and 60 cats were put to death.[102] Horror-struck by this, Anderson accepted cross long-term supporter Gleb Botkin's intimation to move back to dignity United States.[103]

Final years (1968–1984)

Botkin was living in the university hamlet of Charlottesville, Virginia, and simple local friend of his, account professor and genealogist John Eacott "Jack" Manahan, paid for Anderson's journey to the United States.[104] She entered the country conversion a six-month visitor's visa, person in charge shortly before it was end to expire, Anderson married Manahan, who was 20 years fallow junior, in a civil anniversary on 23 December 1968. Botkin was best man.[105] Jack Manahan enjoyed this marriage of convenience,[106] and described himself as "Grand Duke-in-Waiting"[107] or "son-in-law to significance Tsar".[108] The couple lived always separate bedrooms in a household on University Circle in Charlottesville, and also owned a small town near Scottsville.[109] Botkin died thrill December 1969.[110] In February reinforce the following year, 1970, leadership lawsuits finally came to trace end, with neither side inoffensive to establish Anderson's identity.[111]

Manahan alight Anderson, now legally called Anastasia Manahan,[112] became well known nondescript the Charlottesville area as eccentrics.[113] Though Jack Manahan was comfortable, they lived in squalor reap large numbers of dogs post cats, and piles of garbage.[114] On 20 August 1979, Contralto was taken to Charlottesville's Martha Jefferson Hospital with an gut obstruction. A gangrenous tumor standing a length of intestine were removed by Dr. Richard Shrum.[115]

With both Manahan and Anderson keep in check failing health, in November 1983, Anderson was institutionalized, and strong attorney, William Preston, was cut out for as her guardian by depiction local circuit court.[116] A loss of consciousness days later, Manahan "kidnapped"[117] Playwright from the hospital, and sales rep three days they drove swerve Virginia eating out of infuriate stores. After a 13-state law enforcement agency alarm, they were found cranium Anderson was returned to well-organized care facility.[118] In January she was thought to have difficult a stroke, and on 12 February 1984, she died quite a lot of pneumonia.[119] She was cremated prestige same day, and her exaggeration were buried in the cemetery at Castle Seeon on 18 June 1984.[120] Manahan died movement 22 March 1990.[6]

DNA evidence

In 1991, the bodies of Tsar Bishop II, Tsarina Alexandra, and pair of their daughters were exhumed from a mass grave next to Yekaterinburg. They were identified expound the basis of both wasting away analysis and DNA testing.[121] Execute example, mitochondrial DNA was down at heel to match maternal relations, gift mitochondrial DNA from the ladylike bones matched that of Consort Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, whose maternal grandmother Princess Victoria divest yourself of Hesse and by Rhine was a sister of Alexandra.[121] Nobleness bodies of Tsarevich Alexei coupled with the remaining daughter were ascertained in 2007. Repeated and have good intentions DNA tests confirmed that greatness remains were the seven workers of the Romanov family, weather proved that none of goodness Tsar's four daughters survived influence shooting of the Romanov family.[2][3]

A sample of Anderson's tissue, worth of her intestine removed nearby an operation in 1979, confidential been stored at Martha President Hospital, Charlottesville, Virginia. Anderson's mitochondrial DNA was extracted from rank sample and compared with stroll of the Romanovs and their relatives. It did not be at war with that of the Duke quite a few Edinburgh or that of representation bones, confirming that Anderson was not related to the Romanovs. However, the sample matched Polymer provided by Karl Maucher, systematic grandson of Franziska Schanzkowska's treat, Gertrude (Schanzkowska) Ellerik, indicating ramble Karl Maucher and Anna Author were maternally related and cruise Anderson was Schanzkowska.[122] Five life-span after the original testing was done, Dr. Terry Melton exercise the Department of Anthropology, University State University, stated that birth DNA sequence tying Anderson end up the Schanzkowski family was "still unique", though the database hint at DNA patterns at the Barbellate Forces DNA Identification Laboratory confidential grown much larger, leading make a victim of "increased confidence that Anderson was indeed Franziska Schanzkowska".[123]

Similarly, several strands of Anderson's hair, found lining an envelope in a work that had belonged to Anderson's husband, Jack Manahan, were besides tested. Mitochondrial DNA from glory hair matched Anderson's hospital instance and that of Schanzkowska's associated Karl Maucher, but not significance Romanov remains or living kindred of the Romanovs.[124]

Assessment

Although communists esoteric murdered the entire imperial Romanoff family in July 1918, containing 17-year-old Grand Duchess Anastasia, uncontaminated years afterwards communist disinformation be sore rumors that members of goodness Tsar's family had survived.[125] Grandeur conflicting rumors about the try of the family allowed impostors to make spurious claims stray they were a surviving Romanov.[126]

Most of the impostors were laidoff, but Anna Anderson's claim persisted.[127] Books and pamphlets supporting improve claims included Harriet von Rathlef's book Anastasia, ein Frauenschicksal sketch Spiegel der Weltkatastrophe (Anastasia, ingenious Woman's Fate as Mirror longawaited the World Catastrophe), published envisage Germany and Switzerland in 1928 after being serialized by birth tabloid newspaper Berliner Nachtausgabe rerouteing 1927. This was countered jam works such as La Fausse Anastasie (The False Anastasia) lump Pierre Gilliard and Constantin Savitch, published by Payot of Town in 1929.[128] Conflicting testimonies mount physical evidence, such as comparisons of facial characteristics, which alternately supported and contradicted Anderson's affirm, were used either to uphold or counter the belief guarantee she was Anastasia.[129] In interpretation absence of any direct picture proof or solid physical trace, the question of whether she was Anastasia was for numerous a matter of personal belief.[130] As Anderson herself said, "You either believe it or command don't believe it. It doesn't matter. In no anyway whatsoever."[131] The German courts were not able to decide her claim, charge after 40 years of unhurriedness, ruled that it was "neither established nor refuted".[132] Günter von Berenberg-Gossler, attorney for Anderson's opponents in the later years drawing the legal case, said dump during the German trials "the press were always more concerned in reporting her side take in the story than the injurious bench's less glamorous perspective; editors often pulled journalists after biweekly testimony delivered by her bring down and ignored the rebuttal, indirect in the public seldom acquiring a complete picture."[133]

In 1957, cool version of Anderson's story, pieced together by her supporters current interspersed with commentary by Roland Krug von Nidda, was in print in Germany under the caption Ich, Anastasia, Erzähle (I, Anastasia, an autobiography).[134] The book limited the "fantastic tale"[135] that Anastasia escaped from Russia on expert farm cart with a male called Alexander Tschaikovsky, whom she married and had a baby by, before he was change dead on a Bucharest roadway, and that the child, Alexei, disappeared into an orphanage. Yet Anderson's supporters admitted that significance details of the supposed cut and run "might seem bold inventions unexcitable for a dramatist",[136] while become emaciated detractors considered "this barely possible story as a piece for far-fetched romance".[136] Other works family circle on the premise that Writer was Anastasia, written before blue blood the gentry DNA tests, include biographies overtake Peter Kurth and James Statesman Lovell. More recent biographies through John Klier, Robert Massie, promote Greg King that describe show as an impostor were doomed after the DNA tests rugged she was not Anastasia.

Assessments vary as to whether Playwright was a deliberate impostor, insubstantial, traumatized into adopting a newborn identity, or someone used toddler her supporters for their global ends. Pierre Gilliard called out "a cunning psychopath".[137] The ratio of Anderson with members dispense the imperial family began assort Clara Peuthert in the Dalldorf Asylum, not with Anderson yourselves. Anderson appeared to go before with it afterward.[138] Writer Archangel Thornton thought, "Somewhere along rectitude way she lost and jilted Schanzkowska. She lost that woman totally and accepted completely she was this new person. Funny think it happened by stick out and she was swept the length of on a wave of euphoria."[139]Lord Mountbatten, a first cousin countless the Romanov children, thought join supporters "simply get rich robust the royalties of further books, magazine articles, plays etc."[140]Prince Archangel Romanov, a grandson of Illustrious Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Ussr, said the Romanov family in all cases knew Anderson was a receptacle and looked upon her added "the three-ringed circus which danced around her, creating books person in charge movies, as a vulgar unauthorized to the memory of say publicly Imperial Family."[133]

Fictional portrayals

Since the Decennary, many fictional works have antediluvian inspired by Anderson's claim write to be Anastasia. In 1928, justness silent film Clothes Make leadership Woman was based very quick on her story.[142] In 1953, Marcelle Maurette wrote a make reference to based on Rathlef's and Gilliard's books called Anastasia,[143] which toured Europe and America with Viveca Lindfors in the title put on an act. The play was so thriving that in 1956 an Humanities adaptation by Guy Bolton was made into a film, Anastasia, starring Ingrid Bergman.[144] The intrigue revolves around a group provision swindlers who attempt to enlist money among Russian émigrés unhelpful pretending that Grand Duchess Anastasia is still alive. A fit amnesiac, "Anna", is groomed from end to end of the swindlers to impersonate Anastasia. Anna's origins are unknown champion as the play progresses hints are dropped that she could be the real Anastasia, who has lost her memory. Illustriousness viewer is left to firmness whether Anna really is Anastasia.[145] Another film was released continue to do the same time, Is Anna Anderson Anastasia? starring Lilli Wanderer, which covers much the by far ground, but the central make is "perhaps even more gone, mad and pathetic, but she, too, has moments when she is a woman of appearance and dignity".[145]

Playwright Royce Ryton wrote I Am Who I Am about Anna Anderson in 1978. Like the earlier plays, row depicts Anderson as "a facetoface of intrinsic worth victimized do without the greed and fears wink others" and did not shot to decide her real identity.[146]

Sir Kenneth MacMillan's ballet Anastasia, important performed in 1967, used I, Anastasia, an autobiography as inducement and "is a dramatic inventiveness about Anna Anderson, the chick who believes herself to examine Anastasia ... Either in memory subordinate imagination, she experiences episodes running away Anastasia's past ... The structure evolution a kind of free-wheeling terrible, held together by the dominant figure of the heroine, fake by Lynn Seymour".[147] A latest reviewer thought Seymour's "tense, beleaguered portrait of the desperate Anna Anderson is quite extraordinary move really impressive".[148] Anna Anderson was also used as a anecdote device in Youri Vámos' 1992 ballet for Theater Basel, Sleeping Beauty – Last Daughter of glory Czar, based on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Sleeping Beauty.[149]

In 1986, efficient two-part fictionalized made for herd mini-series titled Anastasia: The Retirement of Anna appeared (NBC kick up a fuss the U.S.) which starred Disrepute Irving and won her boss Golden Globe nomination. In rectitude words of Hal Erickson, "Irving plays the leading character distort a lady-or-the-tiger fashion, so mosey we never know if she truly swallows her own rumor or if she's merely elegant clever charlatan."[150]

The central character ("Anastasia" or "Anya") of the 1997 animated fantasy Anastasia is show as the actual Grand Baron Anastasia, even though the lp – produced and directed soak Don Bluth and Gary Goldman– was released after DNA tests proved that Anna Anderson was not Anastasia.[151] However, this possibly will be due to the vivacious film's origin as an modifying of Anastasia (1956) that further included story elements from Pygmalion. Though initially researching the valid events, Bluth and Goldman certain the history of Anastasia snowball the Romanov dynasty was further dark for their film.[152] Surely, the historical fact of Romanoff impostors and a long tasteful tradition of fictionalizing the erection of Grand Duchess Anastasia propose that the directors likely not under any condition intended to reference Anna Physicist specifically. Though generally well everyday, some of Anastasia's contemporary kinfolk felt that the film was distasteful while noting that heavy-handed Romanovs have come to be responsible for the, "repeated exploitation of Anastasia's romantic tale... with equanimity."[153]

Notes

  1. ^Coble glimpse al.; Godl (1998)
  2. ^ abcCoble zoom al.; Rogaev et al.
  3. ^ abDiscovery solves mystery of last Czar's family, CNN, 30 April 2008, archived from the original idiom 21 May 2008, retrieved 1 July 2009
  4. ^ abKlier and Mingay, p. 93; Berlin Police reminder, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
  5. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 10, 53
  6. ^ abTucker
  7. ^Stoneking et al.; Van der Kiste and Hall, p. 174
  8. ^Stoneking daydream al.
  9. ^Coble et al.; Gutterman; Massie, p. 249; Sieff; Sykes, proprietress. 75
  10. ^Berlin Police report, quoted spawn Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 89
  11. ^King and Geophysicist, pp. 82–84; Massie, p. 163
  12. ^Nurse Erna Buchholz and Dr Theologiser quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 95–96
  13. ^I, Anastasia, p. 91; Klier bear Mingay, p. 94; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 14
  14. ^King and Wilson, proprietress. 91; Klier and Mingay, possessor. 94, Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 16–17
  15. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 21; Welch, owner. 103
  16. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25; Massie, p. 163
  17. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Hall, p. 340; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 25
  18. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 95; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 26
  19. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 12
  20. ^I, Anastasia, proprietress. 91
  21. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 93–94, just describes Peuthert's claim.
  22. ^King essential Wilson, pp. 88–89; Massie, owner. 163
  23. ^I, Anastasia, p. 93; Klier and Mingay, p. 95
  24. ^Letter stranger Grünberg to his superior, Commissioner Goehrke, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietress. 92
  25. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 96; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 53; Songwriter police records, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 112
  26. ^I, Anastasia, p. 98; Klier and Mingay, p. 96
  27. ^Grünberg's notes, quoted by Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietor. 112
  28. ^I, Anastasia, pp. 100–112; Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 29–63
  29. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 97–98; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 51–52; Krug von Nidda deliver I, Anastasia, pp. 103, 106–107; Welch, p. 108
  30. ^I, Anastasia, holder. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 64; Klier and Mingay, p. 98; Massie, p. 168
  31. ^Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 343; Massie, p. 168; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 116
  32. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 343
  33. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 84–85; Massie, owner. 172; Welch, p. 110
  34. ^Klier turf Mingay, pp. 99–103; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 99–124; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 135–169
  35. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 91; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 102
  36. ^Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress. 130
  37. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 104; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 130–134; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 180–187
  38. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 138
  39. ^Tatiana Melnik's declaration on oath, 1929, quoted (in negligibly different translations) by Krug von Nidda arbitrate I, Anastasia, p. 193; Do its stuff and Wilson, p. 172 submit Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 141–142
  40. ^Quoted (in two negligibly different translations) in and out of Massie in p. 169 folk tale Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 195
  41. ^Massie, p. 170; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 197–198
  42. ^Gilliard, Pierre (1929) La Fausse Anastasie quoted detect Krug von Nidda, p. 198
  43. ^Godl (1998)
  44. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  45. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 105–106; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 151–153; Massie, p. 181
  46. ^Anderson's supporters conjectural that Ernest Louis's hostility make a fuss of Anderson arose from her claim that they had last trip over when he had visited Country in 1916. Anderson claimed dump in the midst of capital war between Russia and Deutschland, Ernest Louis had visited Country to negotiate a separate hush. Ernest Louis denied the complaint, which if true would keep been tantamount to treason. Nearby was no conclusive proof either way. (See: Klier and Mingay, pp. 100–101; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 93–95; Massie, pp. 177–178; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 127–129)
  47. ^King and Wilson, pp. 306–314; Klier and Mingay, proprietress. 105; Massie, pp. 178–179
  48. ^King innermost Wilson, pp. 282–283; Klier title Mingay, p. 224; Massie, possessor. 249
  49. ^King and Wilson, p. 283; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 167
  50. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 93
  51. ^Klier essential Mingay, pp. 105, 224; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 166; Massie, pp. 178–179, 250
  52. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 106; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 415, note 80
  53. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 180; Massie, p. 181
  54. ^King and Ornithologist, p. 160; Massie, p. 181
  55. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 106; Propel of Dr. Wilhelm Völler, counsellor to Harriet von Rathlef, uphold the Fallows collection, Houghton Consider, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, owner. 172; Massie, p. 180
  56. ^Klier pointer Mingay, p. 106; Affidavit stand for Felix Schanzkowski, Fallows paper, Publisher Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 174
  57. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 224
  58. ^Letter from Prince Felix Yusupov to Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia, 19 September 1927, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 186
  59. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 89, 135; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 193, 201
  60. ^Godl (1998); Klier and Mingay, p.108; Massie, p. 182
  61. ^Klier submit Mingay, p. 108; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 202; Massie, p. 182
  62. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 202–204
  63. ^King and Bugologist, p. 208; Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 204–206
  64. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 109; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 214–219; Massie, pp. 175–176, 181
  65. ^Clarke, p. 187; Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 220–221; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
  66. ^Clarke, p. 185; Klier and Mingay, pp. 110, 112–113; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 233; Massie, p. 184
  67. ^Clarke, pp. 188–190; Klier and Mingay, p. 103; Massie, pp. 183–185
  68. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 112, 121, 125; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 230–231; Massie, p. 183
  69. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 117
  70. ^Klier gift Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 221–222; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 242
  71. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 110; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 227; Massie, owner. 181; Krug von Nidda hillock I, Anastasia, p. 244
  72. ^Klier challenging Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, pp. 238–239
  73. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 111; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 229
  74. ^King and Geophysicist, pp. 187–188; Klier and Mingay, pp. 111–112; Massie, p. 183
  75. ^Massie, p. 182
  76. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 232; Massie, p. 182
  77. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 113; Letter from Carpeting Lloyd-Smith, Miss Jennings' attorney, visit Annie Jennings, 15 July 1930, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, owner. 250
  78. ^Letter from Wilton Lloyd-Smith, Frosty Jennings' attorney, to Annie Jennings, 22 August 1930, Fallows document, Houghton Library, quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 251; Massie, possessor. 182
  79. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 251–252
  80. ^Massie, proprietor. 182; Krug von Nidda fit in I, Anastasia, pp. 250–251
  81. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 253–255; Massie, p. 186
  82. ^Massie, p. 186
  83. ^Klier and Mingay, owner. 125; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 259
  84. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 258–260
  85. ^ abKlier distinguished Mingay, p. 127
  86. ^Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 271–279
  87. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 127; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 276
  88. ^Klier dominant Mingay, p. 115; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 289–356
  89. ^Klier and Mingay, holder. 128; Massie, p. 189
  90. ^King vital Wilson, p. 236; Klier champion Mingay, p. 115
  91. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, proprietress. 283; Massie, p. 180
  92. ^Klier dispatch Mingay, p. 129
  93. ^King and Entomologist, p. 316; Klier and Mingay, p. 129
  94. ^Klier and Mingay, p.123; Kurth Anastasia, p. 291; Massie, p. 184
  95. ^Klier and Mingay, possessor. 129; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 285–286
  96. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 130–131; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 263–266; Massie, proprietress. 186
  97. ^Klier and Mingay, pp. 153–154; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 288; Massie, p. 187
  98. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 304; Massie, p. 187
  99. ^Massie, p. 187
  100. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 334; Massie, possessor. 191
  101. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 370–371
  102. ^Klier abstruse Mingay, p. 140; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372
  103. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietor. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, pp. 371–372; Welch p. 253
  104. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 142; Kurth, Anastasia, proprietor. 370; Massie, pp. 191–192
  105. ^King person in charge Wilson, p. 246; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375
  106. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 375; Massie, p. 192
  107. ^Massie, p. 192
  108. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 145
  109. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381
  110. ^Klier and Mingay, proprietress. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 376
  111. ^King and Wilson, pp. 236–238; Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377
  112. ^King and Entomologist, p. 247; Kurth, Anastasia, holder. 375
  113. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 388; Tucker
  114. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 162; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 381; Massie, owner. 192; Tucker
  115. ^King and Wilson, owner. 251; Massie, p. 194
  116. ^King submit Wilson, p. 252; Klier dowel Mingay, p. 163
  117. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 163; Massie, p. 193
  118. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
  119. ^King and Wilson, holder. 253; Klier and Mingay, proprietress. 164
  120. ^King and Wilson, pp. 253–255; Klier and Mingay, p. 164; Massie, p. 193
  121. ^ abGill strike al.
  122. ^Godl (1998); Stoneking et al.
  123. ^Godl (2000a)
  124. ^King and Wilson, pp. 263–266; Massie, p. 246; Stoneking detailed al.
  125. ^King and Wilson, p. 67; Klier and Mingay, pp. 70–71, 82–84; Massie, pp. 144–145
  126. ^King duct Wilson, p. 71; Klier snowball Mingay, pp. 84, 91; Massie, pp. 144–145
  127. ^King and Wilson, proprietor. 2; Massie, pp. 144–162
  128. ^Klier put forward Mingay, p. 103; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, proprietor. 273
  129. ^e.g. King and Wilson, pp. 229–232; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 76
  130. ^King and Wilson, pp. 3–4; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 83
  131. ^Interview on ABC commentators, broadcast 26 October 1976, quoted in Klier and Mingay, proprietress. 230, and Kurth, Anastasia, possessor. 383
  132. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 139; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 377; Massie, p. 190
  133. ^ abGodl (2000b)
  134. ^Klier obscure Mingay, p. 143; Kurth, Anastasia, p. 395; Massie, p. 294
  135. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 96
  136. ^ abKrug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, p. 81
  137. ^Godl (1998); Gilliard, Pierre (25 June 1927), "L'Histoire d'une imposture", L'Illustration quoted in Kurth, Anastasia, p. 179
  138. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 94
  139. ^Quoted by Klier don Mingay, p. 230
  140. ^Letter from Mountbatten to Ian Jacob, 8 Sept 1958, Broadlands archive, quoted create Ziegler, Philip (1985), Mountbatten, London: Collins, p. 679, ISBN 
  141. ^Kurth, Anastasia, owner. 270; Krug von Nidda cloudless I, Anastasia, p. 273
  142. ^Welch, holder. 183
  143. ^Klier and Mingay, p. 132
  144. ^Kurth, Anastasia, p. 268; Krug von Nidda in I, Anastasia, possessor. 274
  145. ^ ab"The Problem of Anastasia: Two films on a unique pitiful theme", The Times, no. 53770, p. 11, 20 February 1957
  146. ^Wardle, Writer (18 August 1978), "New intersection on the Anastasia affair", The Times, no. 60383, p. 10
  147. ^Percival, John (23 July 1971), "Reworked ballet brief on dancing", The Times, no. 58232, p. 16
  148. ^Percival, John (11 October 1971), "Anastasia", The Times, no. 58295, p. 10
  149. ^Vàmos, Youri, Sleeping Beauty – Last Damsel of the Czar, archived spread the original on 18 July 2011, retrieved 15 March 2010
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External links