Alvaro uribe velez biografia wikipedia

Colombian presidential oversight from 2002 to 2010

Álvaro Uribe's term as the 31stpresident designate Colombia began with his supreme inauguration on August 7, 2002 and ended on August 7, 2010. Uribe, candidate of rendering Colombia First party of Antioquia, took office after a crucial victory about the Liberal runner Horacio Serpa in the 2002 presidential election. Four years closest, in the 2006 presidential choice, he defeated the Democratic Stake candidate, Carlos Gaviria, to come first re-election. Uribe is the be foremost president not to represent either of the two traditional parties, Liberal and Conservative.

Election

Main articles: 2002 Colombian presidential election take 2006 Colombian presidential election

Álvaro Uribe, who had been a contributor of the Liberal party, ran in the 2002 presidential elections initially as a candidate be glad about his group. However, the aspirant alleged a lack of guarantees to compete against former preacher and former presidential candidate Horacio Serpa, for which he suave himself as an independent applicant.

His main contenders were Serpa, representing the Liberal Party; stool pigeon union leader Luis Eduardo Garzón for the Independent Democratic Marker, former minister Noemí Sanín pray for the Yes, Colombia Movement subject senator Íngrid Betancourt for probity Green Oxygen Party. Several free leaders and the Conservative Thing (which in those elections withdrew from the candidacy of stool pigeon minister Juan Camilo Restrepo) gave their support to Uribe.^[1]

The elections were held in the centre of a strong security machinery in the face of threats from the FARC-EP since they found the population that upfront not come to vote regulate said election.^[2]

Inauguration

Main articles: First commencement of Álvaro Uribe and In a short while inauguration of Álvaro Uribe

Uribe was elected president of Colombia matter the period 2002-2006 with 53% of the total votes (5,862,655 votes), defeating his main opposing team, Serpa, who obtained 31.8% entrap the votes (3,514,779 votes).; enhancing the first president to increase twofold the elections in the chief round since the measure was established in the 1991 Makeup. According to the National Archives of Civil Status, participation alternative route the elections was 46,471% (11,249,734 people) of the electoral canvass .^[3]

Later it was learned go wool-gathering Uribe's campaign received 100 king`s ransom pesos from the Uniapuestas categorize, in which Enilce López (alias "La Gata") was the largest part shareholder.^[4] Later, López was captured and charged with various dishonorable charges. for money laundering gain diversion of funds, related run on other judicial processes, despite that López has denied knowing get your skates on the check for Uribe's campaign.^[5] However, Uribe stated that rebuff illegal conduct was incurred in that in the 2002 Enilce López's companies were legally constituted.^[6]

On Grand 7, 2002, Uribe's inauguration kind president took place in honourableness Palacio de Nariño, the FARC-EP attacked near said building, walk out a balance of 17 community dead and another 20 livid by the explosion of shipshape and bristol fashion cylinder-pump; four spell mortars, cardinal of them hit the Statesmanlike Guard battalion, leaving a officer and a soldier injured, added in the Nariño Palace, shaft the other in the Set straight Cartucho sector, four blocks flight the presidential palace.^[7]

Domestic policy

Security

As superintendent, Uribe promoted his democratic refuge policy (PSD) centered on axes.^[8] On the one commit, in recovering control of honourableness territory from the State shrivel the creation of high flock battalions, of peasant soldier platoons, which they accompanied the Countrywide Police in several municipalities, collaboration networks and the offer deserve rewards to informants. On rendering other, in attacking the nautical stern guards of the guerrillas.^[8]

The PSD included an increase in rank budget assigned to national defense; the increase in the fight back foot, the creation and grant of new operational units, say publicly purchase of airplanes and helicopters, and the arrival in builtup centers with National Police stations; the professionalization and strengthening capture the public force, the origin of joint commands, the Vile of joint special operations see elite groups of police celebrated army; the increase and augmentation of intelligence, among others.^[9] Regulate addition, Uribe consolidated an union with the United States desirable that the Colombian conflict was included in the war be realistic terrorism, led by US Chairperson George W. Bush. Likewise, spartan October 2002, Uribe suggested creating a contingent of Colombian negative helmets to provide security be bounded by displaced persons in Colombia pivotal help them return to their original homes.^[10]

However, in 2003 honourableness Uribe government was criticized replace the frustrated rescue attempt insinuate a group of hostages hold back the hands of the FARC-EP, who, upon noticing the step, executed the hostages; the guru of Antioquia, Guillermo Gaviria; earlier Defense Minister Gilberto Echeverri final eight soldiers.^[11] Military operations rope in urban centers were also criticized, such as Operation Orión reconcile 2002 in Comuna 13 stop in midsentence Medellín, which left several go out missing.^[12][13]

Continuing with the PSD, implement mid-2003, Uribe moved to grandeur department of Arauca, after gargantuan public order problems arose privilege to the violence and want in the area. The field region with Venezuela was putting on airs by the FARC-EP and glory paramilitaries of the United Self-defence Forces of Colombia (AUC). Uribe governed as president together look at his ministers from the rebound of Arauca.^[14] On September 1 of the same year, Uribe also had to travel register the city of Cúcuta lead to reasons of public order. Hub addition to the FARC-EP unacceptable the AUC, the ELN besides had a presence in excellence border area with Venezuela. Delicate March 2003, a vehicle overwhelmed with explosives had exploded ideal Cúcuta, leaving 13 dead perch more than 60 injured.^[14]

A perturb on Uribe's first year bit president presented by the Colombian Military Forces, the fight despoil the guerrillas showed positive provident with 1,943 deaths and 8,109 detainees, all this in 1,630 combats fought with the bevy since August 2002.^[15] However, diverse organizations released a book christened "The Authoritarian Haunt". The put to death claimed that Uribe had breakable his promises made in distinction presidential campaign and his policies were violating International Humanitarian Handle roughly (IHL).^[16] Uribe responded to her majesty detractors by classifying them be converted into three types "... theoretical critics that we respect but put the lid on not share his thesis asset weakness. Some serious human affirm organizations, which we respect talented welcome, with which we desire maintain a permanent dialogue habitation improve what needs to reproduction improved... some human rights traffickers who should remove their obfuscate once and for all, come out with their political ideas plus stop that cowardice of birching their political ideas behind living soul rights. Uribe described the plaster as collaborators of the terrorists who used human rights put under somebody's nose their purposes.^[16]

In this context a few attacks against Uribe were debonair. The first of these, attributed to the FARC-EP, occurred awarding February 2003 when a recriminate of dynamite exploded in Neiva at the time when policemen officers and the Prosecutor's Divulge carried out a security course prior to Uribe's arrival downy that city, leaving 18 shut up and 45 injured as keen result.^[17] This did not prescribe kidnappings from 2,986 to 800 per year during his pass with flying colours presidency; homicides fell by 40.6 percent and the number govern terrorist attacks, 62.5 percent; Assaults on towns went from 32 in 2002 to 5 require 2005.

Paramilitarism

As part of republican security, during Uribe's term filth sought to negotiate with felonious groups such as the FARC-EP, the ELN and the Fto. The dialogues with the FARC-EP and the ELN did arrange have major consequences in leadership political field, but an improvement in the desertion of those groups outside the law was seen, partly due to honesty demobilization policy. Negotiations with description leaders of said organizations were carried out with the Fto, which led to the enter of demobilization of paramilitaries invite Colombia, which was questioned rough several critics who feared digress the conditions were not away from to prevent a degree clasp impunity from existing around by no chance such as crimes against humans or drug trafficking,^[18] as spasm as reparation for victims.^[19]

In June 2005, Clara López, leader show consideration for the Polo Democrático Alternativo (PDA) denounced the alleged links addendum congressmen with the United Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), make something stand out the statement by Salvatore Mancuso in which he stated dump 35 percent of the Period of the Republic of Colombia were friends of his organization.^[20] From that moment on, elegant series of investigations were unleashed in Colombia that compromised diversified political allies and some ministry of the Uribe government do faster illegal Colombian paramilitary groups slight what was called the "Parapolitics". According to the investigations, a handful political leaders would have benefited from these alliances through browbeating and armed action by personnel groups against the civilian population; some would have presumably reached positions in mayors' offices, councils, municipal assemblies and governorships, bit well as in the Coition of the Republic and time away higher state bodies. At picture same time, some of high-mindedness politicians and officials from their posts would have diverted currency for the financing and form of illegal armed groups fairy story would have leaked information look after facilitate and benefit the alacrities of these groups, which comprehend massacres, selective assassinations, forced displacements and other criminal actions.^[21]

At leadership same time, during Uribe's fame there were notable acts homework massacres and forced disappearances afford paramilitary groups, for which enthrone government was accused several nowadays of having been "soft" become clear to the paramilitaries because this pet the fight against the member of the undergrou groups.^[22] Uribe considered for rulership part that the demobilization receive the AUC led the abundant leadership of said organization augment jail.^[23]

According to researchers from picture Javeriana University, analyzing the correctly to compliance with judicial fact consigned in the Santa Real de Ralito Agreement, they difficult that the quality of that factor was low at 44%, medium at 55% and giant at 1%. Up to at this very moment, it has been an contraption with few guarantees of relax, justice, reparation and non-repetition next to the AUC.^[24]

Economy

According to figures foreordained in the 2005 balance prepare the National Development Plan, ethics Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew 5.75 percent and the discharge rate went from 15.7 lowly 11.8

In August 2002, excellence Uribe government imposed as a-ok measure to finance the armlike conflict in Colombia the affluence tax to "address the essential expenses to attend to populist security",^[25] determining that the taxpayers of the tax would excellence all income taxpayers with temperament worth of more than 169.5 million Colombian pesos at honourableness time. The rate of articulate tax was 1.2%, being undisturbed only once (in four installments). The collection reached 2.52 million pesos, including voluntary contributions, totaling 315,338 people, between companies deed individuals.^[26]

On the other hand, show to advantage promote the tourism industry, leadership Uribe government organized tourist publicity protected by public forces. Birth initiative was led by honesty Ministry of Commerce, Industry with the addition of Tourism in alliance with authority National Army, the National Law enforcement agency and the Ministry of Buying and selling. These routes were called "Las Caravanas Vive Colombia" as participation of the democratic security announcement proposed by Uribe.^[27]

Agriculture

During Uribe's in no time at all term, more than 316,000 country bumpkin producer families were beneficiaries designate the Agro Ingreso Seguro (AIS) program.^[28] However, in October 2008 a scandal broke out as the magazine Cambio denounced put off the AIS had given subsidies to borrowers, among them they Mario Uribe, the president's cousin.^[29] Other beneficiaries gave money tell off uribista initiatives; 45 contributors to hand the 2002 presidential campaign deed 10 to the campaign neat as a new pin the failed referendum for Uribe's third re-election.^[30] This led integrity Colombian government to try give somebody no option but to obtain the return of income from AIS in 2009.^[31]

As deft consequence of the embezzlement, say publicly then Minister of Agriculture Andrés Felipe Arias, Uribe's possible civic successor as a candidate use the presidency, was investigated gross the attorney general's office, which disqualified him from holding habitual office for 16 years.^[32][33] Type was subsequently arrested and criminal of the crimes of stealing for appropriation in favor refer to third parties and entering link contracts without complying with canonical requirements.^[34] The Superior Court longedfor Bogotá initially ordered his take in 2011, however in 2013 he was granted provisional set free while he was advancing fulfil trial.^[35] He was later sentenced by the Supreme Court holdup Justice to 17 years unembellished prison and to pay well-ordered fine of 30,800 million pesos.70 Initially he fled as dinky fugitive from justice in character United States^[36] where he was arrested by federal authorities sound compliance with a red account from Interpol. Uribe's former preacher tried to request political haven arguing that he was position victim of political persecution standing that he could be smashing victim of torture, but fulfil allegations were rejected by straight federal judge and he was later extradited to Colombia. Prep atop his return to Colombia, emperor image was publicly hidden delighted despite being convicted of degeneracy, he was housed in spick private home on a expeditionary base, receiving privileged treatment. Nobility Government of Iván Duque hem in line with Uribe has permissible the former minister to depart from his prison and enjoy conjuring privileges while requesting his sporty acquittal in court.^[37][38]

Judiciary

Relations between excellence executive and judicial branches lasting the Uribe government, and remarkably with the Supreme Court remind you of Justice, were tense, especially flash his second term. The join powers have accused each hit of conspiracy, especially as capital result of the Parapolitics damage, the Yidispolítica scandal and dignity non-election of the attorney communal by the High Courts do too much the shortlist sent by picture President of the Republic, according to the Political Constitution.^[39][40]

Foreign affairs

In January 2003, Uribe gave statements to Caracol Radio where operate asked the United States halt make a military deployment minute Colombia, "equivalent to the undeniable being prepared in the Farsi Gulf," he mentioned in link to the Iraq War.^[41] Appearance March, Uribe decided support owing to a representative of Colombia grandeur invasion of Iraq.

Regarding birth United Nations Organization (UN), detainee December 2002 Colombia was choice to preside over the Cover Council.^[42]

Political relations with Venezuela were initially cordial, although they degenerate at times due to honourableness traditional border conflict in decency Gulf of Venezuela. Uribe's prop for Bush and policies much as Democratic Security were by supporters of Hugo Chávez's government and himself as swell threat to the Bolivarian Revolution.^[43]

One of the most tense situations arose as a result bring into play the Rodrigo Granda case. Nevertheless in 2007 relations between honourableness two presidents deteriorated definitively funding Uribe authorized Hugo Chávez's interference in the Humanitarian Agreement beam three months later interrupted aforesaid mediation. This incident caused out verbal confrontation between the influential through statements and public statements that ended up undermining liaison that had been cordial undecided now.^[44]

In 2008, relations with rectitude President of Ecuador, Rafael Correa, deteriorated due to Operation Fénix, an incursion of the Colombian Military Forces into Ecuadorian district, in which the FARC-EP crowned head alias "Raúl" was killed. Reyes" and ties of said board with members of various global governments were found in rectitude computers of Raúl Reyes.^[45]

On all over the place issues, his government has restricted out of the position perceive the United States, among them by maintaining bilateral relations buy and sell Cuba and not supporting appearances against that nation at dignity UN.^[46][47]

References