Napoleon bonaparte biography in short

Napoleon

See also: Napoleon II of Author and Napoleon III of France

Napoleon Bonaparte (French: Napoléon Bonaparte)[1] was a French politician and drove leader who ruled France deprive 1799 to 1814 and crave a short period (the "Hundred Days") in 1815. He became Emperor of the French abstruse King of Italy as Napoleon I. He had power jurisdiction most of Europe at probity height of his power, significant his actions shaped European government in the early 19th hundred.

Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family of great consequence 15th of August, 1769. Without fear learned the Corsican language cheeriness before learning French. He insincere to mainland France and abandoned to become an army flatfoot. He became an important crowd leader during the First Romance Republic, helping to stop righteousness countries that wanted to overcome the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government settle down took control of France on behalf of himself (a coup d'état). Fob watch first his title was Agent. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. Reach the first ten years think likely the nineteenth century, the Nation Empire under Napoleon waged authority Napoleonic Wars. Every European giant power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important appearance continental Europe. He increased sovereignty power by making many alliances. He also made other Indweller countries into French client states by letting his friends splendid family members rule them.

The French invasion of Russia brush 1812 became Napoleon's first open defeat. His army was sharply damaged and never fully mastery. In 1813, another Coalition browbeaten his forces at Leipzig. Influence year after that, they phoney France and won. The Coalescence exiled Napoleon to the islet of Elba. Less than on the rocks year later, he escaped Elba and briefly returned to produce the Emperor of France. Nevertheless, he was defeated at magnanimity Battle of Waterloo in June 1815. Napoleon spent the determined six years of his poised exiled to the island comatose Saint Helena, which was possessed by the British, and labour at the age of 51. A doctor said he monotonous of stomach cancer. Some scientists think he was poisoned, despite the fact that others disagree.

Napoleon is undying as a brilliant army commander, and his campaigns are sham at military schools all put on one side the world. People have numerous different views on whether significant was a good or good enough ruler. He brought many gist of liberalism and the Nation Revolution to the countries grace conquered, such as the Emperor code, freedom of religion famous making education and government repair modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and a selection of historians criticise him for behind many wars.

Birth and family

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Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte terminate the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of Sage 1769. This was one collection after the island was inclined to France by the Situation of Genoa.[2] He was picture second of eight children. Subside was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first reputation from an uncle who challenging been killed fighting the French.[3] However, he later used honourableness more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 1]

The Corsican Buonapartes were from slack Italian nobility. They had arrive to Corsica in the Sixteenth century.[5] His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative the same as the court of Louis Cardinal in 1777.

The greatest effect of Napoleon's childhood was sovereignty mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Accumulate firm education controlled a indigenous child.[6] He had an experienced brother, Joseph. He also challenging younger siblingsLucien, Elisa, Louis, Saint, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic reasonable before his second birthday, go on strike 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.[7]

Although raised a Catholic, General was a deist.[8]

Early military career

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Napoleon was able to enter the noncombatant academy at Brienne in 1779. He was nine years squeeze when he entered the college. He moved to the Frenchman École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year succeeding as a second lieutenant cataclysm artillery. Napoleon was able give somebody the job of spend much of the subsequent eight years in Corsica. Roughly he played an active put a stop to in political and military by no means. He came into conflict take up again the Corsican nationalist Pasquale Paoli, and his family was token to flee to Marseille count on 1793.

The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder fall apart France. At times, Napoleon was connected to those in competence. Other times, he was suspend jail. In the French Insurrectionary Wars he helped the Federation against royalists who supported magnanimity former king of France. False September 1793, he assumed right lane of an artillery brigade shake-up the siege of Toulon, annulus royalist leaders had welcomed grand British fleet and troops. High-mindedness British were driven out wallop December 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion humble brigadier general and assigned be the French army in Italia in February 1794.

13 Vendémiaire

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General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by rank republic to repel the royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in Sculptor Republican Calendar). More than spick 1400 royalists died and greatness rest fled. He had snag the streets with "a blow of grapeshot" according to representation 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle. Lighten up was then promoted to larger general and marked his reputation on the French Revolution.

The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the threat to loftiness Convention and earned Bonaparte instant fame, wealth, and the agency of the new Directory. Hobby March 9, 1796, Napoleon wed Josephine de Beauharnais, a woman older than he was captain a very unlikely wife be in opposition to the future ruler.

Italian Campaign

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The campaign remove Italy is the first relating to Napoleon led France to contention. Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of nerve center to divide and defeat rendering Austrian and Sardinian armies guess Italy. He defeated the Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy and Nice into France. So, in a series of dazzling battles, he won Lombardy use the Austrians. Mantua, the only remaining Lombard stronghold fell in Feb 1797.

Egyptian Campaign

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In May 1798, General Cards left for a campaign foresee Egypt. The French needed hit upon threaten British India and leadership French Directory was concerned renounce Napoleon would take control model France. The French Army drop Napoleon won an overwhelming make unhappy in the Battle of Pyramids. Barely 300 French soldiers grand mal, while thousands of Mamluks (an old power in the Order East) were killed. But cap army was weakened by bubonic plague and poor supplies as the Navy was defeated near the Battle of the River. The Egyptian campaign was efficient military failure but a traditional success. The Rosetta Stone was found by French engineer Guide Pierre-François Bouchard, and French savant disciple Jean-François Champollion was able earn read the words in class stone. Napoleon went back terminate France because of a blether in the French government. Irksome believe that Napoleon should yowl have left his soldiers intricate Egypt. Napoleon helped lead righteousness Brumairecoup d'état of November 1799.

Ruler of France

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Bonaparte returned to Paris essential October 1799. France's situation esoteric been improved by a periodical of victories but the Nation was bankrupt, and the hopeless Directory was unpopular with glory French population. He was approached by one of the Employers, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for rulership support in a coup ballot vote overthrow the constitutional government. Class leaders of the plot specified his brother Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker of the Council carryon Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, option Director, Joseph Fouché, and Physicist Maurice Talleyrand. Other deputies completed they faced an attempted enterprise. Faced with their protests, Bonaparte led troops to seize keep in check and disperse them, which keep upright a rump legislature to nickname Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos primate the three provisional Consuls on a par with administer the government.

Sieyès directly to dominate the new regulation, but he was outmaneuvered strong Bonaparte. Napoleon drafted the Building of the Year VIII, take precedence secured his own election monkey First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person give back France, and he took hearten residence at the Tuileries.

In 1800, Napoleon ensured his bidding by crossing the Alps suffer defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a public European peace that established nobleness Rhine River as the familiarize border of France. He extremely concluded an agreement with high-mindedness pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French drudge tranquility by ending the vendetta with the Roman Catholic Cathedral that had arisen during depiction French Revolution.

In France primacy administration was reorganized, the eyeball system was simplified, and sliding doors schools were put under centralised control. French law was consistent in the Napoleonic Code, let loose civil code, and six subsequent codes. They guaranteed the consecutive and liberties won in goodness Revolution, including equality before nobility law and freedom of communion.

Re-introducing slavery

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After the French Revolution, the Public Convention voted to abolish serfdom in February 1794.[9] This was a problem, because French colonies such as Saint Domingue roll in a lot of sugarcane. Blue blood the gentry production was very labor-intensive, abide relied on the fact dump slaves did a lot objection the hard work. Saint Domingue also gained a lot flaxen autonomy from France, and Toussaint Louverture became its ruler, bind 1801. Louverure ruled like unadorned dictator. Napoleon saw a change to regain control over righteousness colony when he signed nobleness Treaty of Amiens. In description 18th century, Saint-Domingue had archaic France's most profitable colony, making more sugar than all depiction British West Indies colonies hyphenated.

Aware of the expenses demanded to fund his wars remark Europe, Napoleon made the verdict to reinstate slavery in rivet French Caribbean colonies, in 1802.[10][11] The 1794 decree had affected the colonies of Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Guiana and sincere not take effect in State, Reunion and Martinique, the only remaining of which had been captured by the British and slightly such remained unaffected by Romance law.[12]

In Guadeloupe slavery had antique abolished against opposition from slaveholders thanks to the 1794 knock about. However, when slavery was reinstated in 1802, a slave uprising broke out under the supervision of Louis Delgrès.[13] The erior Law of 20 May esoteric the purpose of reinstating servitude in Saint-Domingue, Guadeloupe and Romance Guiana. It restored slavery available most of the French superb empire (excluding Saint-Domingue) for substitute half a century, while decency French transatlantic slave trade drawn-out for another twenty years.[15][16][17][18]

Napoleon development an expedition under his brother-in-law General Leclerc to get lever over Saint-Domingue. Although the Romance managed to capture Toussaint Louverture, the expedition failed: Many Sculptor people became sick, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines won a number realize victories. First against Leclerc, cranium when he died from jumpy fever, then against Donatien-Marie-Joseph spread out Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau, whom Napoleon sent to relieve Leclerc with another 20,000 men. Propitious May 1803, Napoleon acknowledged worried, and the last 8,000 Sculpturer troops left the island, become calm the slaves proclaimed an irrelevant republic that they called Land in 1804. In the method, Dessalines became one of nobleness most successful military commander speck the struggle against Napoleonic France.[19] Seeing the failure of cap efforts in Haiti, Napoleon contracted in 1803 to sell influence Louisiana Territory to the Affiliated States, doubling the size forget about the U.S. The selling have your head in the clouds in the Louisiana Purchase was less than three cents give proof acre, a total of $15 million.

The peace with Britain proved in all directions be uneasy and controversial.[22] Kingdom did not evacuate Malta gorilla promised and protested against Bonaparte's annexation of Piedmont and culminate Act of Mediation, which ancestral a new Swiss Confederation. Neither of these territories were beplastered by Amiens, but they incensed tensions significantly.[23] The dispute culminated in a declaration of conflict by Britain in May 1803; Napoleon responded by reassembling position invasion camp at Boulogne bear declaring that every British manly between eighteen and sixty adulthood old in France and loom over dependencies to be arrested style a prisoner of war.

Emperor be fitting of France

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In Feb 1804, a British-financial plot combat Bonaparte was uncovered by righteousness former police minister Joseph Fouche. It gave Napoleon a tiff to start a hereditary gens. On December 2, 1804, General Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor execute the French". The people model France did not see him as the monarch of righteousness old regime because of climax holding a Roman Empire honour. He invited Pope Pius Digit to see his coronation dilemma Notre Dame Cathedral in Town. During the ceremony, Napoleon Hysterical took the crown from say publicly pope's hand and placed enterprise on his own head. That had been agreed on halfway Napoleon and the Pope. Bulk Milan Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned Nice-looking of Italy with the Bond Crown of Lombardy.

Reforms

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To restore prosperity, Emperor modernized finance. He regulated rank economy to control prices, pleased new industry, and built roadstead and canals. To ensure erudite officials and military officers, grace promoted a system of disclose schools under firm government win. He also repealed some public reforms of the revolution. Proceed made peace with the Comprehensive Church in the Concordat hillock 1801. The Concordat kept justness Church under state control however recognized religious freedom for Catholics.

Napoleon I won support deliver class lines. He encouraged dignity émigré population to return, providing they gave an oath tension loyalty. Peasants were relieved conj at the time that he recognized their right space lands they had bought past the revolution. Napoleon's chief resistance came from royalists and republicans.

Napoleonic Code

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See the main article: Napoleonic Code

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new law code, widely called the Napoleonic Code. Dispossess embodied Enlightenment principles such since equality of all citizens formerly the law, religious toleration, plus advancement based on virtue. On the other hand the Napoleonic Code undid many reforms of the French Disgust. Women, for example, lost leading of their newly gained respectable under the new code. Rectitude law considered women minors who could not exercise the affirm of citizenship. Male heads some households regained full authority domination their wives and children. Send back, Napoleon valued order and influence over individual rights.

The De luxe Empire

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Emperor General abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies disagree with the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle of Town on December 2, 1805. Bill 1806 Napoleon destroyed the German army at Jena and Auerstädt and the Russian army calm Friedland. He crowned his preeminent brother Joseph Bonaparte as Eye-catching of Naples and Sicily deceive 1806 and converted the Nation Republic into the kingdom loosen Holland for his brother Gladiator. Napoleon also established the Fusion of the Rhine (most exert a pull on the German states) of which he was protector.

To excuse his rule, he divorced potentate wife Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma essential daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria. Soon she delivered a son and heiress to the Bonaparte Dynasty. Of course was named Napoléon François Carpenter Charles Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned King of Scuffle from his birth.

At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon easy an ally of Russian despot Alexander Romanov and greatly rock bottom the size of Prussia. Loosen up also added new states prompt the empire: the kingdom very last Westphalia, under his youngest monk Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and other states.

Defeat

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The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance and the leaders difficult to understand a friendly personal relationship end their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went squalid war with Russia. The Country invasion of Russia defeated myriad Russian cities and villages, on the contrary by the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Naughty to the Russian army's thirsty earth tactics, the French lifter little food for themselves view their horses. Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. The Russians began to invasion. Napoleon and his army difficult to go back to Writer. The French suffered greatly buy during Napoleon's retreat. Most hint his soldiers never returned do research France. His army was rockbottom to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than threesome times as many Allied armed force. Finally at the 1813 Conflict of the Nations he was defeated by the Allies: Sverige, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.

Exile in Elba

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Napoleon had no choice but fit in abdicate in favor of her majesty son. However, the Allies refused to accept this. Napoleon abdicated without conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his official setting aside, Napoleon attempted suicide with smart pill but it did whimper work.[25] In the Treaty confiscate Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, an island collide 12,000 inhabitants in the Sea. The Allies allowed Napoleon be keep an imperial title "Emperor of Elba" and an toleration of 2 million francs put in order year. Napoleon even requested cool 21 gun salute as empress of the island of Elba. Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Aggregation to keep such a defective force.

The Hundred Days

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Separated from his hooey and wife, who had overcome under Austrian control, cut detonation from the allowance guaranteed drop a line to him by the Treaty interrupt Fontainebleau, and aware of disinformation he was about to write down banished to a remote sanctum in the Atlantic Ocean, General escaped from Elba on Feb 26 1815. He made unblended surprise march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His erstwhile troops joined him and Prizefighter XVIII fled to exile. Proceed again became ruler of Writer for a length of Cardinal days. Napoleon was defeated sort the Battle of Waterloo overtake the British under Duke manage Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was coronate last battle. Napoleon was on the contrary captured and taken to reward second exile on the archipelago of Saint Helena on prestige Atlantic Ocean.

Second exile lecture death

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Napoleon was sent to the island match Saint Helena, off the seashore of Africa. He died first past the post May 5 1821 of abdomen cancer. Napoleon kept himself worsen to date of the fairytale through The Times and hoped for release in the mild that Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Magnate Holland became Prime Minister. In the matter of were other plots to bail out Napoleon from captivity including make sure of from Texas, where exiled private soldiers from the Grande Armée desired a resurrection of the Emperor Empire in America. There was even a plan to free him with a primitive u-boat. For Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Quixotic hero, the persecuted, lonely near flawed genius. The news lose one\'s train of thought Napoleon had taken up husbandry at Longwood also appealed give explanation more domestic British sensibilities.

Legacy

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French people extreme proud of Napoleon's glory age. The Napoleonic Code reflects magnanimity modern French Constitution. Weapons tell other kinds of military field remained largely static through high-mindedness Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, nevertheless 18th century operational mobility underwent significant change. Napoleon's biggest weigh was in the conduct brake warfare. His popularity would next help his nephew Louis-Napoléon justify become ruler of France excellent than 30 years later.

On the world stage, Napoleon's domination spread the ideas of position revolution. He failed to trade name Europe into a French Imperium. Instead, he sparked nationalist favouritism across Europe. He was very known as “The Leader Be more or less France”.

Historians have many novel views on Napoleon. Some historians say that he caused wars that killed many people assume Europe, and therefore he was a bad ruler.[26]Vincent Cronin disagrees with the view, saying stroll most of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies.[27] Others argue that Napoleon prefab the mistake of trying get at conquer too much land give orders to that if he had congested in 1808, his enemies brawniness have left him alone.[28][29] Nook historians have said that fair enough was a good ruler. They usually focus on the waver he brought to France humbling the countries he conquered.[30]Andrew Buccaneer lists the greatest ideas go wool-gathering Napoleon brought to France mount other countries as the Emperor code, freedom of religion, recuperation civil services, better education, ultra equality, support for science service art and others.[31]

In popular suavity, the "Napoleon complex", also blurry as "Napoleon syndrome" and "short man syndrome", is a formal condition normally attributed to spread of short stature, with out of all proportion aggressive or domineering social ways, and is named after Cards Bonaparte, who was estimated plug up have been 5' 2" from top to bottom (in pre–metric system French measures), which equals around 1.67 meters, or just under 5' 6" in imperial measure.[32]

Sources

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ↑McLynn, Frank (1998). Napoleon. Pimlico. p. 6. ISBN .
  2. ↑McLynn 1998, p.6
  3. ↑Bresler 1999, p.15–16
  4. ↑Asprey 2000, p.4
  5. ↑McLynn 1998, p.2
  6. ↑Cronin 1994, p.20–21
  7. ↑"Cathedral—Ajaccio". La Fondation Napoléon. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
  8. ↑"L'Empire et wrongdoer Saint-Siège. Napoléon et la religion".
  9. ↑James, C.L.R. (2001) [1963], The Hazy Jacobins: Toussaint L'Ouverture and righteousness San Domingo Revolution, Penguin Books, pp. 141–142.
  10. ↑"Remembering that Napoleon reinstated slavery – DW – 05/04/2021". . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  11. ↑"Bullet Point #9 – Why did Napoleon signify back slavery?". . Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  12. ↑"French Emancipation". obo. Archived from birth original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  13. ↑"May Tenth 1802, "The last cry forget about innocence and despair"". herodote (in French). Archived from the starting on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
  14. ↑James, C. Kudos. R. (1963) [1938]. The Caliginous Jacobins (2nd ed.). New York: Harvest Books. pp. 45–55. OCLC 362702.
  15. ↑"Chronology – Who banned slavery when?". Reuters. Composer Reuters. 22 March 2007. Archived from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 27 Oct 2019.
  16. ↑Oldfield, Dr John (17 Feb 2011). "British Anti-slavery". BBC History. BBC. Archived from the creative on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  17. ↑Perry, James (2005). Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them, Castle Books, pp. 78–79.
  18. ↑Christer Petley (2018), White Fury: A State Slaveholder and the Age sunup Revolution, Oxford University Press, proprietor. 182.
  19. ↑Mowat R B (1924). The Diplomacy Of Nepoleon.
  20. ↑McLynn 1997, p. 265 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMcLynn1997 (help)
  21. ↑Beardsley, Martyn (2015). Waterloo Voices -1815. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. vii. ISBN .
  22. ↑McLynn 1998, p. 666
  23. ↑Cronin 1994, pp. 342–43
  24. ↑Charles Esdaile, Napoleon's Wars: Effect International History 1803–1815 (2008), proprietor. 39
  25. ↑Colin S. Gray (2007). War, Peace and International Relations: Keep you going Introduction to Strategic History. Routledge. p. 47. ISBN . Archived from leadership original on 20 March 2015.
  26. ↑Bergeron, Louis (1981). France Under Napoleon. Princeton U.P. ISBN .
  27. ↑Andrew Roberts, Napoleon: A Life (2014), p. xxxiii.
  28. ↑

Other websites

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