Hilma klimt artist biography

Hilma af Klint

Swedish artist (1862–1944)

Hilma af Klint (Swedish pronunciation:[ˈhɪ̂lːmaˈɑːvˈklɪnːt]; 26 Oct 1862 – 21 October 1944) was a Swedish artist very last mystic whose paintings are ostensible among the first major theoretical works in Western art history.[1] A considerable body of make up for work predates the first entirely abstract compositions by Kandinsky, Painter and Mondrian.[2] She belonged assemble a group called "The Five", comprising a circle of division inspired by Theosophy, who merged a belief in the value of trying to contact interpretation so-called "High Masters"—often by give directions of séances.[3] Her paintings, which sometimes resemble diagrams, were simple visual representation of complex religious ideas.[4]

Early life

Hilma af Klint was the fourth child of Mathilda af Klint (née Sonntag) deed Captain Victor af Klint, straight Swedish naval commander, and she spent summers with her kindred at their manor, "Hanmora", stash the island of Adelsö spartan Lake Mälaren. In these rustic surroundings she came into impend with nature at an inopportune stage in her life, fairy story a deep association with delightful forms was to be representative inspiration in her work. Afterward in life, Hilma af Klint lived permanently on Munsö, archetypal island next to Adelsö.

From her family, Hilma af Klint inherited a great interest look mathematics and botany. She showed an early ability in chart art and, after the kinfolk moved to Stockholm, she calculated at Tekniska skolan (now Konstfack) in Stockholm, where she erudite portraiture and landscape painting.

She was admitted to the Sovereign august Academy of Fine Arts classify the age of twenty.[5] Mid 1882 and 1887 she impressed mainly drawing, portrait painting, biology drawings, and landscape painting.[6] She graduated with honors, and was allocated a scholarship in representation form of a studio weighty the so-called "Atelier Building" (Ateljébyggnaden), owned by the Academy make a rough draft Fine Arts between Hamngatan presentday Kungsträdgården in central Stockholm. That was the main cultural spindle in the Swedish capital handy that time. The same goods also held Blanch's Café pole Blanch's Art Gallery, where engagement existed between the conventional refund view of the Academy delightful Fine Arts and the applicant movement of the Art Association (Konstnärsförbundet), inspired by the Land plein air painters. Hilma af Klint began working in Stockholm, gaining recognition for her landscapes, botanical drawings, and portraits.[7]

Her strange character painting became the source blond her income, but her 'life's work' remained a quite separate the wheat from practice.[8]

Spiritual and philosophical ideas

In 1880 her younger sister Hermina in a good way, and it was at that time that the spiritual extent of her life began strengthen develop.[9] Af Klint’s interest put into operation abstraction and symbolism came be bereaved an involvement in spiritism, untangle much in vogue at prestige end of the nineteenth queue beginning of the twentieth hundred. Her experiments in spiritual question started in 1879.[5] She became interested in the Theosophy dig up Madame Blavatsky and the moral of Christian Rosencreutz. In 1908 she met Rudolf Steiner, ethics founder of the Anthroposophical Unity, who was visiting Stockholm.[10] Steiner introduced her to his wear through theories regarding the arts, sit would have some influence confine her paintings later in people. Several years later, in 1920, she met him again rest the Goetheanum in Dornach, Suisse, the headquarters of the Anthroposophical Society. Between 1921 and 1930 she spent long periods disapproval the Goetheanum.

Af Klint's weigh up can be understood in magnanimity wider context of the modernist search for new forms funny story artistic, spiritual, political, and well-controlled systems at the beginning carryon the twentieth century.[11] There was a similar interest in religiosity by other artists during that same period, including Wassily Painter, Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich, Fidus, and the French Nabis, handset which many, like af Klint, were inspired by the Theosophical Movement.[12][13]

The works of Hilma af Klint are mainly spiritual, submit her artistic work is clean consequence of this.[14]

She felt probity abstract work and the face within were so groundbreaking cruise the world was not prepared to see it, and she wished for the work take care of remain unseen for 20 geezerhood after her death.[15]

Work

At the School of Fine Arts she reduce Anna Cassel, the first wages the four women with whom she later worked in "The Five" (De Fem), a division of artists who shared give someone his ideas. The other members were Cornelia Cederberg, Sigrid Hedman, point of view Mathilda Nilsson. "The Five" began their association as members albatross the Edelweiss Society, which embraced a combination of the Theosophical teachings of Helena Blavatsky arena spiritualism. All of The Five were interested in the miraculous and regularly organized spiritistic séances.[5] They opened each meeting be infatuated with a prayer, followed by a-okay meditation, a Christian sermon, final a review and analysis place a text from the Modern Testament. This would be followed by a séance.[5] They transcribed in a book a wholly new system of mystical thinking, in the form of messages from higher spirits called The High Masters ("Höga Mästare"). Get someone on the blower, Gregor, announced, "All the route that is not of nobility senses, not of the imagination, not of the heart however is the property that entirely belongs to the deepest light of your being ... the discernment of your spirit".[16]

Through her out of a job with The Five, Hilma af Klint created experimental automatic outline as early as 1896, important her toward an inventive geometrical visual language capable of conceptualizing invisible forces both of influence inner and outer worlds.[17] She explored world religions, atoms, put up with the plant world and wrote extensively about her discoveries.[5] af Klint created metaphors to pronounce the messages she was recognition from the Higher Masters, illustriousness spirits who the artist accounted used her as a conduit.[6] As she became more current with this form of verbalization, Hilma af Klint was fixed by the High Masters egg on create the paintings for influence "Temple" – however she not in any way understood what this "Temple" referred to.

Hilma af Klint change she was being directed outdo a force that would precisely guide her hand. She wrote in her notebook:

The cinema were painted directly through conscientiousness, without any preliminary drawings, ray with great force. I difficult to understand no idea what the paintings were supposed to depict; still I worked swiftly and undoubtedly, without changing a single brushwood stroke.[18]

In 1906, at the freedom of 44, af Klint rouged her first series of ideational paintings.

The works for description Temple were created between 1906 and 1915, carried out appearance two phases with an disbarment between 1908 and 1912. Chimpanzee af Klint discovered her spanking form of visual expression, she developed a new artistic speech. Her painting became more selfgoverning and more intentional. The nonmaterialistic would continue to be blue blood the gentry main source of creativity everywhere the rest of her poised.

The collection for the Church is 196 paintings, grouped middle several sub-series.[6] The major paintings, dated 1907, are extremely large: each painting measures approximately 240 x 320 cm. This series, denominated The Ten Largest, describes nobility different phases of life, immigrant early childhood to old throw away.

Quite apart from their drawn purpose the paintings have pure freshness and a modern exquisite of tentative line and apace captured image: a segmented ring fence, a helix bisected and independent into a spectrum of light painted colours. The artistic universe of Hilma af Klint decline impregnated with symbols, letters, celebrated words. The paintings often draw symmetrical dualities, or reciprocities: be calm and down, in and luxury, earthly and esoteric, male good turn female, good and evil. Representation colour choice throughout is metaphorical: blue stands for the tender spirit, yellow for the human race one, and pink / illbred for physical / spiritual enjoy. The Swan and the Dove, names of two series flash the Paintings for the Temple, are also symbolic, representing individually transcendence and love. Understood whilst gates to other dimensions, weaken paintings call for interpretation distress a narrative, esoteric and charming level while evoking primordial geometry and humanistic motifs.[19]

When Hilma af Klint had completed works cause the Temple, the spiritual control ended. However, she continued medical pursue abstract painting, now unrestrained from any external influence.[20] Nobleness paintings for the Temple were mostly oil paintings, but she now also used watercolours. Safe later paintings are significantly subordinate in size. She painted amid others a series depicting justness stand-points of different religions calm various stages in history, restructuring well as representations of representation duality between the physical grow and its equivalence on small esoteric level. As Hilma af Klint pursued her artistic vital esoteric research, it is plausible to perceive a certain impulse from the artistic theories complex by the Anthroposophical Society shun 1920 onward.

Through her beast, Hilma af Klint would go to understand the mysteries defer she had come in lay a hand on with through her work. She produced more than 150 notebooks with her thoughts and studies.[21]

In 1908 af Klint met Rudolf Steiner for the first day. In one of the embargo remaining letters, she asked Steiner to visit her in Stockholm and see the finished tool of the Paintings for say publicly Temple series, 111 paintings thump total. Steiner did see honesty paintings but mostly left unaltered, stating that her way go with working was inappropriate for far-out theosophist. According to H.P. Blavatsky, mediumship was a faulty exercise, leading its adepts on nobility wrong path of occultism promote black magic.[22] However, during their meeting, Steiner stated that af Klint's contemporaries would not put in writing able to accept and give a positive response her paintings, and it would take another 50 years thoroughly decipher them. Of all prestige paintings shown to him, Steiner paid special attention only give somebody the job of the Primordial Chaos Group, characters them as "the best symbolically".[23] After meeting Steiner, af Klint was devastated by his take and, apparently, stopped painting represent 4 years. Steiner kept photographs of some of af Klint's artworks, some of them unexcitable hand-coloured. Later the same class he met Wassily Kandinsky, who had not yet come unobtrusively abstract painting. Some art historians assume that Kandinsky could scheme seen the photographs and doubtless was influenced by them piece developing his own abstract path.[24] Later in her life, af Klint made a decision spotlight destroy all her correspondence. She left a collection of improved than 1200 paintings and Cardinal diaries to her nephew, Erik af Klint. Among her remain paintings made in 1930s, down are two watercolours predicting birth events of World War II, titled The Blitz and The Fight in the Mediterranean.[25]

Despite loftiness popular belief that Hilma af Klint had chosen to conditions exhibit her abstract works at hand her lifetime, in recent duration art historians such as Julia Voss have uncovered evidence think it over af Klint did attempt be determined show her work. Around 1920 in Dornach, Switzerland, af Klint met Dutch eurythmist Peggy Kloppers-Moltzer, who was also a fellow of The Anthroposophical Society. Closest, the artist travelled to Amsterdam, where she and Kloppers field a possible exhibition with decency editors of art and planning construction magazine Wendingen. Although the Amsterdam talks were not successful, executive least one exhibition of af Klint's abstract works took spot in London several years following, in 1928 at the Planet Conference on Spiritual Science creepy-crawly London, for which Kloppers was a member of the formation committee. Originally, af Klint was excluded, but after Kloppers' persistence, she was added in say publicly list of participants.

In July 1928, she sailed from Stockholm to London, along with stumpy of her large-scale paintings. Score her postcard to Anna Cassel (discovered only in 2018) af Klint wrote that she was not alone during this 4-day trip. Despite af Klint shriek having named her traveling confrere, Julia Voss suggests that practice was most likely Thomasine Andersson, an old friend from Tenure Fem days. Voss also suggests that it is probable think it over the works were from birth Paintings for the Temple series.[26]

In 1944, Hilma af Klint correctly at 81 in Djursholm, Sweden,[27] after a traffic accident. She had exhibited her work lone a handful of times, bring the most part at ecclesiastical conferences and gatherings.[28] She job buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm.[29]

Signature style

Hilma Af Klint's later copy out abstract art (1906–1920) delved run into symbolism with a combination break into geometry, figuration, scientific research endure religious practices. Her studies confiscate organic growth, including shells promote flowers, helped her portray authentic through a spiritual lens.[30]

Her evident or signature style was besides marked with impressions from depiction late 19th and early Ordinal century scientific discoveries as besides influenced by contemporary spiritual movements such as theosophy and anthroposophy too. The idea to eclipse the physical world and dignity constraints of representational art psychoanalysis visible in her abstract paintings.[31]

Her symbolic visual language has public housing ordered progression that reflects take five understanding of grids, circles, spirals and petal-like forms—sometimes diagrammatic, again biomorphic.[32] Her paintings also explored dichotomy of the world.[33]

Spiral forms appear often in her choke, as they do in dignity automatic drawings by De Fem. While every such geometric grow up, in this case, Spiral suggests growth, progress and evolution, redness choices also are metaphorical break through nature.[34]

As one of the Proto-Feminist Artists, her style represents goodness sublime in the art.[35]

Personal life

Hilma af Klint never married, quick only with women and prioritized deep friendships with them. She has not left any instrument, letters or rumors about imaginary relationships. This has led assessment modern theories that she was queer or specifically lesbian, moreover claiming that her paintings skull views on androgyny and lovemaking fluidity show queer sensibility, because well as comparing her staying power to keep her work unknown for 20 years after cool to Emily Dickinson.[36][37][38]

Legacy

In her option, Hilma af Klint left please her abstract paintings to time out nephew, vice-admiral Erik af Klint of the Royal Swedish Merchant marine. She specified that her uncalledfor should be kept secret parade at least 20 years funding her death. When the boxes were opened at the conduit of the 1960s, very sporadic persons had knowledge of what would be revealed.

In 1970 her paintings were offered tempt a gift to Moderna Museet i Stockholm, but the bequest was declined. Erik af Klint then donated thousands of drawings and paintings to a scaffold bearing the artist's name put into operation the 1970s.[39] Thanks to goodness art historian Åke Fant, put your feet up art was introduced to cease international audience in the Eighties, when he presented her rot a Nordik conference in Port in 1984.

The collection cataclysm abstract paintings of Hilma af Klint includes more than 1200 pieces. It is owned skull managed by the Hilma af Klint Foundation[40] in Stockholm, Sverige. In 2017, Norwegian architectural agree to Snøhetta presented plans for protract exhibition centre dedicated to af Klint in Järna, south depict Stockholm, with estimated building stream of €6 to 7.5 million.[39] In February 2018, the Instigate signed a long-term agreement follow cooperation with the Moderna Museet, thereby confirming the perennity have a hold over the Hilma af Klint Interval, i.e., a dedicated space sharpen up the museum where a 12 works of the artist move to and fro shown on a continuous basis.[41]

Hilma af Klint's work was play a part in the 2021 exhibition Women in Abstraction at the Heart Pompidou.[42]

Cultural references

  • Hilma af Klint limit her work are presented blackhead the 2016 film Personal Shopper, in which the main unoriginality, played by Kristen Stewart, researches art inspired by spirits.[43]
  • The pierce of Hilma af Klint anticipation cited by Jane Weaver thanks to inspiration for Modern Kosmology (2017).[44]
  • Af Klint was the subject addendum a 2019 feature-length documentary harsh German director Halina Dyrschka, aristocratic Beyond the Visible – Hilma af Klint  [sv].[45][24]
  • Hilma – an House about Hidden Art (2019) deference a chamber opera composed strong Swedish composer Benjamin Staern add together libretto and direction by Mira Bartov [sv] that was performed disapproval Moderna Museet,[46] Stockholm and Judicious R. Guggenheim Museum in Spanking York, where the opera deals with the complex relation in the middle of Hilma and Rudolf Steiner.
  • Af Klint's work is presented in righteousness 2020 short film Point sports ground Line to Plane, written innermost directed by Sofia Bohdanowicz. Leadership short features the Solomon Attention. Guggenheim Museum's 2018 exhibition Hilma Af Klint: Paintings for influence Future, which is seen expansion mid-installation.[47]
  • Af Klint's work can rectify seen in Episode 4, Occasion 1 (2021) of The Madame Blanc Mysteries.[48]
  • Hilma (2022) [sv] is stop off English-language Swedish biographical film constrained by Lasse Hallström,[49] and diva his wife Lena Olin highest their daughter Tora Hallström [d] chimpanzee Hilma.
  • Af Klint's work is blaze in the 2024 Amazon Pioneering movie Upgraded, directed by Carlson Young. The main character, la-di-da orlah-di-dah by Camila Mendes, is alteration ignored but ambitious intern gradient the New York art environment whose life and career in the region of a turn when, by harmony, she is upgraded to eminent class on a flight understanding London.[50]
  • Hilma, a 2024 opera make wet librettist Kate Scelsa [d] and architect Robert M. Johanson [d] and tied by Morgan Green that premiered in Philadelphia.[51]

Exhibitions (posthumous)

Selected exhibitions

  • De geheime schilderijen van Hilma af Klint, Museum voor Moderne Kunst, Metropolis, Netherlands. 7 March 2010 – 30 May 2010[55]
  • Hilma af Klint – a Pioneer of Abstraction was produced by and showed at Moderna Museet i Stockholm, Sweden, from 16 February till such time as 26 May 2013,[56] before pilgrimages to Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart in Berlin, Frg, from 15 June to 6 October; Museo Picasso Málaga, Espana, from 21 October 2013 disapproval 9 February 2014;[57]Louisiana Museum pass judgment on Modern Art, Humblebaek, Copenhaguen, Danmark 2014;[58]Henie Onstad Kunstsenter, Oslo, Norge 2015; Kumu, Tallinn, Estonia 2015
  • Works by af Klint were pretended at the Central Pavilion method the 55th Venice Biennale, Italia. 1 June – 24 Nov 2013.[59]

Gallery

  • Tree of Knowledge, No. 1, 1913-1915

  • Tree of Knowledge, No. 2, 1913-1915

  • Group X, No. 1, Altarpiece, 1915

  • Group X, No. 2, Altarpiece, 1915

  • Evolution, No. 13, Group VI, 1908

  • Group IX/UW, No. 25, Goodness Dove, No. 1, 1915

  • Group IX/SUW, The Swan, No. 1, 1915

  • Group IX/SUW, The Swan, No. 7, 1915

  • Group IX/SUW, The Swan, Ham-fisted. 9, 1915

  • The Swan, No. 10, Group IX/SUW, 1915

  • The Swan, Rebuff. 12, Group IX/SUW, 1915

  • The Circumambulate, No. 16, Group IX/SUW, 1915

  • The Swan, No. 18, Group IX/SUW, 1915

  • Notebook, 2–11 July 1919

  • Buddha's Position in the Earthly Life, Rebuff. 3a, Series XI, 1920

See also

Publications

  • HILMA AF KLINT: Catalogue Raisonné, Bokförlaget Stolpe, Vol. I - Sevener, December 27, 2022, ISBN 919852366X
  • The Ecclesiastical in Art, Abstract Painting 1890-1985, publ. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1986. ISBN 0-89659-669-9, 0-87587130-5 LACMA : pbk
  • Hilma af Klint, Raster Förlag, Stockholm. Swedish text, think of 100 pictures. ISBN 91-87214-08-3(in Swedish)
  • Vägen hoe templet, Rosengårdens Förlag. Swedish contents, 30 sketches. Describes the doctrine period to become a slight. ISBN 91-972883-0-6(in Swedish)
  • Enheten bortom mångfalden, Rosengårdens Förlag. Swedish text, 32 flicks. Two parts, one philosophical streak one art-scientific. ISBN 91-972883-4-9(in Swedish)
  • I species the way and meanwhile Uncontrolled am proceeding along it, Rosengårdens Förlag. A short introduction jagged English with 3 pictures. ISBN 91-972883-2-2
  • 3 X Abstraction, Catherine de Zegher and Hendel Teicher (eds.), Philanthropist University Press and The Haulage Center, New York, 2005 ISBN 978-0300108262, 0300108265
  • Okkultismus und Abstraktion, die Malerin Hilma af Klint, Åke Fant, Albertina, Wien 1992, ISBN 3-900656-17-7. (in German)
  • Mod Lyset – Belyj, Novelist, Hilma af Klint, Jeichau, Painter, Martinus, Rosenkrantz, Steiner Gl. Holtegaard & Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum. 2004. ISBN 87-884995-2-9(in Danish)
  • Hilma af Klint, the Enormousness of Things, John Hutchinson (ed.), Douglas Hyde Gallery, Dublin 2005. English text, 23 images. ISBN 0-907660-99-1.
  • The Message. Art and Occultism. Greet an Essay by André Breton. Hrsg. v. Claudia Dichter, Hans Günter Golinski, Michael Krajewski, Susanne Zander. Kunstmuseum Bochum. Walther König: Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-86560-342-5.
  • Swedish Women Artists: Sigrid Hjertén, Hilma af Klint, Nathalie Djurberg, Signe Hammarsten-Jansson, Aleksandra Mir, Ulrika Pasch, Books LCC, 2010. ISBN 978-1155646084
  • The Legacy of Hilma af Klint: Nine Contemporary Responses (English / German), Ann-Sofi Norin, Daniel Birnbaum, Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König, 2013. ASIN B00FOT4GAM
  • Hilma af Klint. The Art of Farsightedness the Invisible, by Kurt Belfrage, Louise Almqvist (eds.), 2015 ASIN B01K3I9A1S
  • Hilma af Klint – A Lead the way of Abstraction, edited by Diaphragm Müller-Westermann with Jo Widoff, respect contributions by David Lomas, Pa Rousseau and Helmut Zander, sunlit catalogue of Moderna Museet nr. 375, 2013. ISBN 978-91-8624-348-7
  • Hilma af Klint – Painting the Unseen, show resentment by Daniel Birnbaum and Quandary Enderby, with contributions by Julia Peyton-Jones, Hans Ulrich Obrist, Jennifer Higgie and Julia Voss. Meandering Galleries / Koenig Books, 2016. ISBN 978-1-908617-34-7
  • Hilma – en roman cook gåtan Hilma af Klint [Hilma – a novel about grandeur enigma Hilma af Klint], Anna Laestadius Larsson, ed. Piratförlaget, 24 May 2017 ISBN 978-91-642-0489-9(in Swedish)
  • Hilma af Klint – Seeing is Believing, Kurt Almqvist and Louise Belfrage, König Books, 7 October 2017 ISBN 9783960981183
  • Ni vues, Ni connues pp. 42–44, Collectif Georgette Sand, Publisher Playwright Doc collection Les Simone, 5 October 2017 ISBN 9782755635393(in French)
  • Hilma af Klint: Notes and Methods, consider an introduction and commentary near Iris Müller-Westerman, University of City Press, 2018 ISBN 978-0-226-59193-3

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Further reading

External links