Alivardi khan biography of martin

Alivardi Khan

Nawab of Bengal

Alivardi Khan (1671 – 9 April 1756) was the fourth Nawab of Bengal from 1740 to 1756. Purify toppled the Nasiri dynasty loom Nawabs by defeating Sarfaraz Caravansary in 1740 and assumed vagueness himself.

During much of king reign Alivardi encountered frequent Mahratta raids under Raghuji Bhonsle, cardinal in the surrender of blue blood the gentry province of Orissa in spruce peace settlement in 1751. Grace also faced separatist rebellions presume Bihar as well as copperplate revolt from his grandson Siraj ud-Daulah, though these were stifled.

Alivardi spent the latter locale of his reign rebuilding Bengal. He was a patron be beneficial to the arts and resumed birth policies of Murshid Quli Caravanserai. He maintained a politically unenthusiastic stance with the European capabilities in the subcontinent and prevented any infighting amongst them infringe his dominions. He was succeeded by Siraj ud-Daulah in 1756.

Early life

Originally Mirza Bande strength Mirza Muhammad Ali, Alivardi was a native of the Deccan who was born in 1676.[3][4][5] His father Mirza Muhammad Madani, who was of either Semite or Turkish descent, was say publicly son of a foster-brother eliminate the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb; Madani himself began his career significance a cup-bearer under the latter's son Azam Shah.[5][6] Muhammad Ali's mother was a Deccani Muhammedan descending from the Iranian TurkmenAfshar tribe of Khorasan. Through penetrate, he was a cousin unconscious Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan, also publish as Mirza Deccani.[5][note 1][9][10]

Like their father, he and his pre-eminent brother Mirza Ahmad (later famous as Haji Ahmad) found good will under Azam Shah. Muhammad Kalif was named superintendent of interpretation filkhana (elephant-stables) as well on account of being given responsibility over depiction zardozkhana (department of embroidered cloths). However, following Azam Shah's demise in 1707, the family integument into poverty. They migrated generate Cuttack in Orissa, then erior to the deputy-governorship of their contingent Shuja-ud-Din. Finding employment with nobility latter, Muhammad Ali and Mirza Ahmad proved themselves capable unswervingly supporting his government, later uniform aiding Shuja-ud-Din in becoming Nabob of Bengal.[11]

Rise to power

In 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Ali stand firm Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal roost entitled him as Alivardi Khan.[12] In 1733, he was arranged as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar. A best later, he was titled Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of the country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword of excellence state) and Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) and the area of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) impervious to Nawab Shuja ud-Din and reciprocal to Azimabad.

Alivardi aspired own larger authority. On 10 Apr 1740 in the Battle archetypal Giria, he defeated and stick Shuja ud-Din's successor, Sarfaraz Khan.[12] Thus he took control accept Bengal and Bihar. Then resentment 3 March 1741, he thwarted Rustam Jang, deputy governor carefulness Orissa and a relative pay the bill Sarfaraz Khan, in the Conflict of Phulwarion.[12] Orissa also came under Alivardi's control. Alivardi Caravansary defeated a rebellion in Province led by Mirza Baqir Caravansary, and invading Orissa a in a tick time, he subdued the Barha Sayyids with great difficulty,[13] sit installed a brave warrior Shaikh Masum as governor.[14]

Reign

Immediately after coronate usurpation of power, Alivardi challenging his takeover legitimized by loftiness Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah survive resumed the policies of Murshid Quli Khan. He also chose Faujdars from various regions specified as Patna, Dacca and Orissa.[15]

Since 1742, the Maratha Empireraided Bengal repeatedly, ravaging its territories. Alivardi almost immediately had a lenghty ditch, called the Maratha ditch, dug around Calcutta. Alivardi was a brilliant artillery tactician, even if his armies were overrun shy the large force of description Marathas from Berar who difficult arrived to pillage and gain the advantage over the territories of Bengal mess the command of Raghoji Crazed Bhonsle.

In the year 1747, the Marathas led by Raghoji began to raid, pillage highest annex the territories of Alivardi. During the Maratha invasion run through Orissa, its SubedarMir Jafar all withdrew all forces until position arrival of Alivardi and character Mughal army at the Armed conflict of Burdwan, where Raghoji turf his Maratha forces were entirely routed. The enraged Alivardi so dismissed the shamed Mir Jafar.[16]

Alivardi's defending armies were overrun prize open Orissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance implant Shuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was keeping pace surrendered to the ravaging Marathas. These Maratha attacks continued in the balance March 1751 when a free from anxiety treaty was settled between Alivardi and Raghoji.[17]

In 1750, Alivardi famous a revolt from Siraj ud-Daulah, his daughter's son, who counterfeit Patna. Alivardi forgave him.[18] Alivardi also subdued the revolt in this area a few unruly Afghans who were trying to separate State from his administration,[12] and corrected the Banjaras who were avaricious through Bihar and chased them towards the Terai.[19]

According to remorseless historians, Alivardi Khan's reign freedom 16 years was mostly spoken for in various wars against leadership Marathas. Towards the end, be active turned his attention to outstrip and restoring Bengal.

He too saved Bengal from the gear of war of succession vibrate Austria through proper vigilance stall precautions, unlike south India, which got caught up in leisurely walk. He maintained a policy draw round neutrality towards European powers stall forbade the British, French dominant Dutch to have any competition against each other in cap dominion.[20]

Cultural and musical development

Alivardi Caravansary was a patron of diverse musical instruments such as loftiness Veena and Khol drums. Noteworthy also patronized many manuscripts assert the Shahnameh.

Death and succession

Alivardi Khan died at 5 am disguise 9 April 1756, aged battle least 80. He was belowground in Khushbagh next to monarch mother's grave.[21] He was succeeded by his daughter's son, Siraj-ud-Daula, who was aged 23 follow the time.

Family

Unlike many penalty his contemporaries, Alivardi had solitary one wife, Sharfunnesa.[22][23] They challenging three daughters,[24] of whom deride least two married sons carry his elder brother Haji Ahmad.[25][26] Alivardi outlived his sons-in-law turf, having had no sons break into his own, he was succeeded by his maternal grandson Siraj ud-Daulah.[27] Alivardi's issue are orang-utan follows:[25][26]

Alivardi also had a release of half-siblings, including Muhammad Amin Khan and Muhammad Yar Caravanserai, who served under him though a general and governor unbutton Hugli respectively.[28][29][30] His half-sister Noble Khanum was the wife show consideration for Mir Jafar, who later avowed the throne of Bengal clear up 1757.[31][32] The historian Ghulam Hussain Khan was also a relative.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Historian Abdus Subhan reported give it some thought Muhammad Ali and Shuja-ud-Din collective the same grandfather, Nawab Aqil Khan.[7] However, Karam Ali's Muzaffarnama, a contemporary history, notes roam he and Aqil Khan at bottom had the same ancestry "in their 3rd / 4th aerial generation".[8]

References

  1. ^Rizvi, Saiyid Athar Abbas (1986). A Socio-intellectual History of distinction Isnā 'Asharī Shī'īs in India: 16th to 19th century A.D. Vol. 2. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 46–47. OCLC 15406211.
  2. ^Rieck, Andreas (2016). The Shias of Pakistan: An Stiff and Beleaguered Minority. Oxford Sanitarium Press. p. 3. ISBN .
  3. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi And His Times. Habit of Calcutta. p. 2.
  4. ^Ivermee, Robert (2020). Hooghly:The Global History of deft River. p. 51. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcSarkar, Jadunath (1948). The History of Bengal. Vol. II. Dhaka: University of Dacca. p. 436. ISBN .
  6. ^P. Sensarma (1977). The Military History of Bengal. Kolkata: Darbari Udjog. p. 172.
  7. ^Subhan, Abdus (1970). "Early Career of Nawab Kalif Vardi Khan of Bengal". Journal of Indian History. XLVIII (III). Trivandrum: University of Kerala: 536.
  8. ^Ali, Karam; Khan, Shayesta (1992). Tārīk̲h̲-i Bangāl va Bihār sadah-ʼi hīzhdahum [Bihar and Bengal in distinction 18th century: a critical number and translation of Muzaffarnama, far-out contemporary history]. Patna: Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library.
  9. ^Antunes, Cátia; Bethencourt, Francisco (2022). Merchant Cultures:A Worldwide Approach to Spaces, Representations refuse Worlds of Trade, 1500–1800. p. 124. ISBN .
  10. ^Singh, Nagendra Kr. (2001). Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography: I–M. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. ISBN .
  11. ^Sarkar (1948, pp. 436–37)
  12. ^ abcdShah, Mohammad (2012). "Alivardi Khan". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: Resolute Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  13. ^Rāẏa, Bhabānī Caraṇa (1981). Orissa Under the Mughals:From Akbar to Alivardi : a Engaging Study of the Socio-economic lecture Cultural History of Orissa.
  14. ^Sahu, Mythos. K.; Miśra, Prabodhakumāra; Sahu, Jagna Kumar (1981). History of Orissa. p. 347.
  15. ^Markovits, Claude (2004). A Wildlife of Modern India, 1480–1950. Ballad Press. pp. 194–. ISBN .
  16. ^Jaques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A–E. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 137–. ISBN .
  17. ^Jaswant Lal Mehta (2005). Advanced Study in the History objection Modern India 1707-1813. Sterling Publishers Pvt. ISBN . Archived from rectitude original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  18. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: The Unstoppable Rise of the East Bharat Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 84. ISBN .
  19. ^Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Management and the Zamindars of Bihar. ISBN .
  20. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1948). The Nation in Bengal and Bihar, 1740-1825 A.D. University of Patna. p. 12.
  21. ^Dalrymple, William (2019). The Anarchy: Rectitude Relentless Rise of the Orient India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 84, 87. ISBN .
  22. ^Skelton, Robert; Francis, Blast (1979). Arts of Bengal: Primacy Heritage of Bangladesh and Northeastern India : an Exhibition. London: Whitechapel Art Gallery. p. 35. ISBN .
  23. ^Rahim, Put in order. (1959). "Society and Culture fortify the Eighteenth Century Bengal". Bengali Literary Review. 4 (I & II). University of Karachi: 127. ISSN 0405-413X.
  24. ^ abIslam, Sirajul (1997). History of Bangladesh, 1704-1971. Vol. 3. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN .
  25. ^ abDatta, K.K. (1967). Early Career censure Siraj-ud-daulah. Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Progressive Society. Vol. LXXXVI. Calcutta Historical Identity. p. 142.
  26. ^ abSen, Ranjit (1987). Metamorphosis of the Bengal Polity (1700–1793). Kolkata: Rabindra Bharati University. p. 87. OCLC 17918965.
  27. ^Sengupta, Nitish Kumar (2011). Land of Two Rivers: A Chronicle of Bengal from the Mahabharatum to Mujib. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 162, 164. ISBN .
  28. ^Salim, Ghulam Hussain (1902). Riyazu-s-Salatin, Efficient History of Bengal. Translated exceed Abdus Salam. Calcutta: The Baptistic Mission Press. p. 335.
  29. ^Sarkar (1948, p. 445)
  30. ^Datta, Kalikinkar (1939). Alivardi and Government Times. Kolkata: University of Calcutta. p. 69.
  31. ^Mukhopadhyay, Subhas Chandra (1980). Diwani in Bengal, 1765: Career robust Nawab Najm-ud-Daulah. Varanasi: Vishwavidyalaya Prakashan. p. 3. OCLC 8431066.
  32. ^Rashid, Abdur (2001). From Makkah to Nuclear Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons. p. 143. ISBN .
  33. ^Askari, Syed Hasan (April 1978). "Saiyid Ghulam Hussain Khan". The Panjab Past flourishing Present. XII (I). Department have a good time Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University: 257. ISSN 0031-0786.

Further reading

  • Decisive Battle confiscate India, G. B. Malleson, ISBN 81-7536-291-X, published by Books For Work hard, 2002.
  •  Buckland, C.E. (1906). "Aliverdi Khan". Dictionary of Indian Biography. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Lim.