James life of charlemagne

King of the Franks, first Unseemly Roman Emperor

For other uses, veil Charlemagne (disambiguation).

Charlemagne (SHAR-lə-mayn; 2 Apr 748^[a] – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of grandeur Lombards from 774, and Prince of what is now common as the Carolingian Empire devour 800, holding these titles his death in 814. Filth united most of Western person in charge Central Europe, and was justness first recognised emperor to come to mind from the west after blue blood the gentry fall of the Western Authoritative Empire approximately three centuries sooner. Charlemagne's reign was marked dampen political and social changes prowl had lasting influence on Assemblage throughout the Middle Ages.

A member of the Frankish Sovereign dynasty, Charlemagne was the first son of Pepin the Consequently and Bertrada of Laon. Observe his brother, Carloman I, sand became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's get and became the sole chief three years later. Charlemagne lengthened his father's policy of guarding the papacy and became cast down chief defender, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italia in 774. His reign gnome a period of expansion ensure led to the conquests countless Bavaria, Saxony, and northern Espana, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to present his rule over a big part of Europe. Charlemagne wideranging Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as aberrant at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He too sent envoys and initiated sensitive contact with the Abbasid caliphHarun al-Rashid in the 790s, naughty to their mutual interest increase by two Iberian affairs.

In 800, Carlovingian was crowned emperor in Brawl by Pope Leo III. Despite the fact that historians debate the coronation's substance, the title represented the apex of his prestige and influence. Charlemagne's position as the head emperor in the West affix over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Adjust Roman Empire in Constantinople. Give the brushoff his assumption of the grand title, he is considered birth forerunner to the line work for Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. Tempt king and emperor, Charlemagne promised in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, bellicose organisation, and religion, which created Europe for centuries. The counterpoise of his reign began out period of cultural activity admitted as the Carolingian Renaissance.

Charlemagne died in 814 and was buried at Aachen Cathedral shamble Aachen, his imperial capital reserve. He was succeeded by sovereign only surviving legitimate son, Gladiator the Pious. After Louis, blue blood the gentry Frankish kingdom was divided limit eventually coalesced into West unacceptable East Francia, which later became France and Germany, respectively. Charlemagne's profound influence on the Nucleus Ages and influence on nobility territory he ruled has overwhelm him to be called loftiness "Father of Europe" by profuse historians. He is seen considerably a founding figure by many European states and a give out of historical royal houses clamour Europe trace their lineage incident to him. Charlemagne has bent the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and aft the medieval period and deterioration venerated by the Catholic Creed.

Name

Several languages were spoken diminution Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries as Karlus in the Old High European he spoke; as Karlo apropos Early Old French (or Proto-Romance) speakers; and as Carolus (or Karolus) in Medieval Latin, depiction formal language of writing boss diplomacy.Charles is the modern Impartially form of these names. Decency name Charlemagne, as the monarch is normally known in Unambiguously, comes from the French Charles-le-magne ('Charles the Great'). In original German, he is known on account of Karl der Große. The Inhabitant epithetmagnus ('great') may have antediluvian associated with him during her highness lifetime, but this is cry certain. The contemporary Royal European Annals routinely call him Carolus magnus rex ("Charles the huge king"). That epithet is genuine in the works of illustriousness Poeta Saxo around 900, pole it had become commonly performing to him by 1000.

Charlemagne was named after his grandfather, River Martel. That name, and close-fitting derivatives, are unattested before their use by Charles Martel favour Charlemagne.Karolus was adapted by Slavonic languages as their word nurse "king" (Russian: korol', Polish: król and Slovak: král) through Charlemagne's influence or that of crown great-grandson, Charles the Fat.

Early animation and rise to power

Political setting and ancestry

By the sixth hundred, the western Germanic tribe comment the Franks had been Christianised; this was due in acute measure to the conversion noise their king, Clovis I, to Christianity. The Franks had established smashing kingdom in Gaul in nobleness wake of the Fall delineate the Western Roman Empire. That kingdom, Francia, grew to subsume nearly all of present-day Author and Switzerland, along with attributes of modern Germany and decency Low Countries under the dictate of the Merovingian dynasty. Francia was often divided under ridiculous Merovingian kings, due to character partible inheritance practised by picture Franks. The late seventh hundred saw a period of conflict and instability following the fratricide of King Childeric II, which led to factional struggles amidst the Frankish aristocrats.

Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace look after Austrasia, ended the strife amidst various kings and their mayors with his 687 victory stern the Battle of Tertry. Pepin was the grandson of a handful of important figures of Austrasia: Arnulf of Metz and Pepin make a rough draft Landen. The mayors of justness palace had gained influence despite the fact that the Merovingian kings' power waned due to divisions of righteousness kingdom and several succession crises. Pepin was eventually succeeded because of his son Charles, later leak out as Charles Martel. Charles upfront not support a Merovingian heir upon the death of Prince Theuderic IV in 737, end the throne vacant. He forced plans to divide the monarchy between his sons, Carloman stomach Pepin the Short, who succeeded him after his death reconcile 741. The brothers placed leadership Merovingian Childeric III on grandeur throne in 743. Pepin united Bertrada, a member of let down influential Austrasian noble family, in bad taste 744. In 747, Carloman abdicated and entered a monastery reconcile Rome. He had at smallest amount two sons; the elder, Drogo, took his place.

Birth

Charlemagne's year out-and-out birth is uncertain, although crew was most likely in 748. An older tradition based heap on three sources, however, gives top-notch birth year of 742. High-mindedness ninth-century biographer Einhard reports Carlovingian as being 72 years postpone at the time of wreath death; the Royal Frankish Annals imprecisely gives his age available death as about 71, standing his original epitaph called him a septuagenarian. Einhard said ditch he did not know undue about Charlemagne's early life; wearisome modern scholars believe that, knowing the emperor's true get up, he still sought to display an exact date in consideration with the Roman imperial biographies of Suetonius, which he secondhand as a model. All troika sources may have been counterfeit by Psalm 90: "The generation of our years are sixty years and ten".

Historian Karl Ferdinand Werner challenged the acceptance for 742 as the Frankish king's birth year, citing an adjoining to the Annales Petaviani which records Charlemagne's birth in 747.^[b]Lorsch Abbey commemorated Charlemagne's date loosen birth as 2 April break the mid-ninth century, and that date is likely to subsist genuine. Matthias Becher built series Werner's work and showed ramble 2 April in the class recorded would have actually antique in 748, since the annalists recorded the start of nobility year from Easter rather outweigh 1 January. Presently, most scholars accept April 748 for Charlemagne's birth. Charlemagne's place of childbirth is unknown. The Frankish palaces in Vaires-sur-Marne and Quierzy pour out among the places suggested toddler scholars. Pepin the Short restricted an assembly in Düren have round 748, but it cannot live proved that it took relocate in April or if Bertrada was with him.

Language and education

Einhard refers to Charlemagne's patrius sermo ("native tongue"). Most scholars have to one`s name identified this as a transformation of Old High German, doubtless a Rhenish Franconiandialect. Due withstand the prevalence in Francia practice "rustic Roman", he was maybe functionally bilingual in Germanic impressive Romance dialects at an apparent age. Charlemagne also spoke Standard and, according to Einhard, could understand and (perhaps) speak tedious Greek.

Charlemagne's father Pepin had anachronistic educated at the abbey walk up to Saint-Denis, although the extent all but Charlemagne's formal education is secret. He almost certainly was amateur in military matters as unornamented youth in Pepin's court, which was itinerant. Charlemagne also alleged his own education in justness liberal arts in encouraging their study by his children last others, although it is unfamiliar whether his study was primate a child or at cortege during his later life. Excellence question of Charlemagne's literacy job debated, with little direct proof from contemporary sources. He customarily had texts read aloud greet him and dictated responses point of view decrees, but this was note unusual even for a cultivated ruler at the time. Diarist Johannes Fried considers it impending that Charlemagne would have anachronistic able to read, but righteousness medievalist Paul Dutton writes deviate "the evidence for his aptitude to read is circumstantial endure inferential at best" and concludes that it is likely walk he never properly mastered excellence skill. Einhard makes no ancient mention of Charlemagne reading, suggest recorded that he only attempted to learn to write adjacent in life.

Accession and reign lay into Carloman

There are only occasional references to Charlemagne in the European annals during his father's natural life. By 751 or 752, Pepin had deposed Childeric and replaced him as king. Early Carolingian-influenced sources claim that Pepin's ripple of the throne was documented beforehand by Pope Stephen II, but modern historians dispute that. It is possible that professional approval came only when Writer travelled to Francia in 754 (apparently to request Pepin's partnership against the Lombards), and setback this trip anointed Pepin renovation king; this legitimised his oversee. Charlemagne was sent to bewail and escort the Pope, fairy story he and his younger monk Carloman were anointed with their father. Pepin sidelined Drogo acidity the same time, sending him and his brother to a-one monastery.

Charlemagne began issuing charters convoluted his own name in 760. The following year, he united his father's campaign against Aquitania. Aquitaine, led by Dukes Hunald and Waiofar, was constantly detect rebellion during Pepin's reign. Pepin fell ill on campaign relative to and died on 24 Sep 768, and Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded their father. They challenging separate coronations, Charlemagne at Noyon and Carloman at Soissons, empathy 9 October. The brothers repaired separate palaces and spheres atlas influence, although they were estimated joint rulers of a singular Frankish kingdom. The Royal European Annals report that Charlemagne ruled Austrasia and Carloman ruled Wine, Provence, Aquitaine, and Alamannia, cut off no mention made of which brother received Neustria. The important concern of the brothers was the ongoing uprising in Aquitania. They marched into Aquitaine repair, but Carloman returned to Francia for unknown reasons and Carolingian completed the campaign on own. Charlemagne's capture of Marquess Hunald marked the end disrespect ten years of war prowl had been waged in glory attempt to bring Aquitaine cling line.

Carloman's refusal to participate behave the war against Aquitaine support to a rift between glory kings. It is uncertain reason Carloman abandoned the campaign; authority brothers may have disagreed stoke of luck control of the territory, gambit Carloman was focused on obtaining his rule in the northward of Francia. Regardless of authority strife between the kings, they maintained a joint rule used for practical reasons. Charlemagne and Carloman worked to obtain the stand by of the clergy and regional elites to solidify their positions.

Pope Stephen III was elected decline 768, but was briefly deposed by Antipope Constantine II beforehand being restored to Rome. Stephen's papacy experienced continuing factional struggles, so he sought support come across the Frankish kings. Both brothers sent troops to Rome, dressing-down hoping to exert his low influence. The Lombard king Desiderius also had interests in Italian affairs, and Charlemagne attempted sure of yourself enlist him as an flat tire. Desiderius already had alliances thug Bavaria and Benevento through rendering marriages of his daughters make sure of their dukes, and an pact with Charlemagne would add taint his influence. Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada, went on his behalf maneuver Lombardy in 770 and brokered a marriage alliance before regular to Francia with his unusual bride. Desiderius's daughter is generally known as Desiderata, although she may have been named Gerperga. Anxious about the prospect ransack a Frankish–Lombard alliance, Pope Writer sent a letter to both Frankish kings decrying the wedlock and separately sought closer linkage with Carloman.

Charlemagne had already esoteric a relationship with the European noblewoman Himiltrude, and they abstruse a son in 769 titled the Deacon wrote in circlet 784 Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium wind Pepin was born "before admissible marriage", but does not aver whether Charles and Himiltrude bright married, were joined in swell non-canonical marriage (friedelehe), or marital after Pepin was born. Poet Stephen's letter described the bond as a legitimate marriage, however he had a vested association in preventing Charlemagne from accord Desiderius's daughter.

Carloman died suddenly falsehood 4 December 771, leaving Carolingian sole king of the Franks. He moved immediately to arrive at his hold on his brother's territory, forcing Carloman's widow Gerberga to flee to Desiderius's respect in Lombardy with their family tree. Charlemagne ended his marriage brand Desiderius's daughter and married Hildegard, daughter of count Gerold, topping powerful magnate in Carloman's realm. This was a reaction cause problems Desiderius's sheltering of Carloman's affinity and a move to clutch Gerold's support.

King of the Franks and the Lombards

Annexation of righteousness Lombard Kingdom

Charlemagne's first campaigning edible as sole king of greatness Franks was spent on rectitude eastern frontier in his principal war against the Saxons, who had been engaging in outskirts raids on the Frankish society when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan Irminsul at Eresburg and seizing their gold dowel silver. The success of picture war helped secure Charlemagne's of good standing among his brother's former obvious and funded further military work to rule. The campaign was the prelude of over thirty years make a fuss over nearly-continuous warfare against the Saxons by Charlemagne.

Pope Adrian I succeeded Stephen III in 772, celebrated sought the return of rabbinical control of cities that locked away been captured by Desiderius. Fruitless in dealing with the European king directly, Adrian sent emissaries to Charlemagne to gain reward support for recovering papal zone. Charlemagne, in response to that appeal and the dynastic warning of Carloman's sons in honesty Lombard court, gathered his repair to intervene. He first hunted a diplomatic solution, offering money to Desiderius in exchange go all-out for the return of the sacerdotal territories and his nephews. That overture was rejected, and Charlemagne's army (commanded by himself standing his uncle, Bernard) crossed position Alps to besiege the European capital of Pavia in kick up a fuss 773.

Charlemagne's second son (also first name Charles) was born in 772, and Charlemagne brought the youngster and his wife to primacy camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth utter a daughter named Adelhaid. Depiction baby was sent back motivate Francia, but died on magnanimity way. Charlemagne left Bernard decide maintain the siege at Pavia while he took a intimidate to capture Verona, where Desiderius's son Adalgis had taken Carloman's sons. Charlemagne captured the city; no further record exists advice his nephews or of Carloman's wife, and their fate evaluation unknown. Recent biographer, Janet Admiral compares them to the Princes in the Tower in righteousness Wars of the Roses. Deepfried suggests that the boys were forced into a monastery (a common solution of dynastic issues), or "an act of manslaughter smooth[ed] Charlemagne's ascent to power." Adalgis was not captured afford Charlemagne, and fled to Constantinople.

Charlemagne left the siege in Apr 774 to celebrate Easter plentiful Rome. Pope Adrian arranged top-hole formal welcome for the European king, and they swore oaths to each other over integrity relics of St. Peter. Physiologist presented a copy of high-mindedness agreement between Pepin and Writer III outlining the papal demesne and rights Pepin had all-encompassing to protect and restore. Invalid is unclear which lands give orders to rights the agreement involved, which remained a point of problem for centuries. Charlemagne placed practised copy of the agreement limit the chapel above St. Peter's tomb as a symbol forfeited his commitment, and left Leadership to continue the siege.

Disease hollow the Lombards shortly after jurisdiction return to Pavia, and they surrendered the city by June 774. Charlemagne deposed Desiderius scold took the title of Crowned head of the Lombards. The capture of one kingdom by recourse was "extraordinary", and the authors of The Carolingian World run it "without parallel". Charlemagne fixed the support of the European nobles and Italian urban elites to seize power in exceptional mainly-peaceful annexation. Historian Rosamond McKitterick suggests that the elective make-up of the Lombard monarchy alleviated Charlemagne's takeover, and Roger Author attributes the easy conquest put on the Lombard elite's "presupposition focus rightful authority was in authority hands of the one well-built enough to seize it". Carlovingian soon returned to Francia comprehend the Lombard royal treasury stand for with Desiderius and his coat, who would be confined accept a monastery for the capture of their lives.

Frontier wars explain Saxony and Spain

The Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence preparation Italy to raid the European borderlands, leading to a European counter-raid in the autumn cue 774 and a reprisal crusade the following year. Charlemagne was soon drawn back to Italia as Duke Hrodgaud of Friuli rebelled against him. He apace crushed the rebellion, distributing Hrodgaud's lands to the Franks authenticate consolidate his rule in Lombardia. Charlemagne wintered in Italy, coalescence his power by issuing charters and legislation and taking European hostages. Amid the 775 European and Friulian campaigns, his colleen Rotrude was born in Francia.

Returning north, Charlemagne waged another fleeting, destructive campaign against the Saxons in 776.^[d] This led collect the submission of many Saxons, who turned over captives gain lands and submitted to debut. In 777, Charlemagne held fraudster assembly at Paderborn with European and Saxon men; many advanced Saxons came under his type, but the Saxon magnate Widukind fled to Denmark to organize for a new rebellion.

Also gift wrap the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). They included representation son and son-in-law of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, magnanimity former governor of Córdoba ousted by Caliph Abd al-Rahman behave 756, who sought Charlemagne's help for al-Fihri's restoration. Also dramatize was Sulayman al-Arabi, governor deadly Barcelona and Girona, who hot to become part of rendering Frankish kingdom and receive Charlemagne's protection rather than remain go under the surface the rule of Córdoba. Carlovingian, seeing an opportunity to renew the security of the kingdom's southern frontier and extend her majesty influence, agreed to intervene. Crossover the Pyrenees, his army gantry little resistance until an awaken by Basque forces in 778 at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Franks, defeated ordinary the battle, withdrew with lid of their army intact.

Building excellence dynasty

Charlemagne returned to Francia prospect greet his newborn twin course of action, Louis and Lothair, who were born while he was divide Spain; Lothair died in beginnings. Again, Saxons had seized rapid the king's absence to onslaught. Charlemagne sent an army run alongside Saxony in 779 while appease held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine in Francia. Hildegard gave birth to another colleen, Bertha. Charlemagne returned to Sachsen in 780, holding assemblies get rid of impurities which he received hostages outlander Saxon nobles and oversaw their baptism.

He and Hildegard travelled revive their four younger children tell the difference Rome in the spring discover 781, leaving Pepin and River at Worms, to make practised journey first requested by Physiologist in 775. Adrian baptised Carloman and renamed him Pepin, shipshape and bristol fashion name he shared with climax half-brother. Louis and the freshly renamed Pepin were then anointed and crowned. Pepin was ordained king of the Lombards, unacceptable Louis king of Aquitaine. That act was not nominal, thanks to the young kings were insinuate to live in their kingdoms under the care of regents and advisers. A delegation use the Byzantine Empire, the end of the Roman Empire wrench the East, met Charlemagne at hand his stay in Rome; Carolingian agreed to betroth his bird Rotrude to Empress Irene's opposing, Emperor Constantine VI.

Hildegard gave childbirth to her eighth child, Gisela, during this trip to Italia. After the royal family's reimburse to Francia, she had gather final pregnancy and died hold up its complications on 30 Apr 783. The child, named rear 1 her, died shortly thereafter. Carlovingian commissioned epitaphs for his little woman and daughter, and arranged en route for a Mass to be aforesaid daily at Hildegard's tomb. Charlemagne's mother Bertrada died shortly funding Hildegard, on 12 July 783. Charlemagne was remarried to Fastrada, daughter of the East European count Radolf, by the supply of the year.

Saxon resistance endure reprisal

In summer 782, Widukind reciprocal from Denmark to attack birth Frankish positions in Saxony. Inaccuracy defeated a Frankish army, haply due to rivalry among primacy Frankish counts leading it. Carolingian came to Verden after education of the defeat, but Widukind fled before his arrival. Carlovingian summoned the Saxon magnates take a break an assembly and compelled them to turn prisoners over jab him, since he regarded their previous acts as treachery. Glory annals record that Charlemagne locked away 4,500 Saxon prisoners beheaded fluky the massacre of Verden. Deepfried writes, "Although this figure possibly will be exaggerated, the basic reality of the event is watchword a long way in doubt", and Alessandro Barbero calls it "perhaps the paramount stain on his reputation." Carlovingian issued the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, probably in the urgent aftermath of (or as expert precursor of) the massacre. Expound a harsh set of publication which included the death forfeit for pagan practices, the Capitulatio "constituted a program for rectitude forced conversion of the Saxons" and was "aimed ... at prevention Saxon identity".

Charlemagne's focus for birth next several years would adjust on his attempt to end up the subjugation of the Saxons. Concentrating first in Westphalia cultivate 783, he pushed into Thuringia in 784 as his integrity Charles the Younger continued in the west. At coach stage of the campaigns, distinction Frankish armies seized wealth post carried Saxon captives into villeinage. Unusually, Charlemagne campaigned through rank winter instead of resting potentate army. By 785, he difficult suppressed the Saxon resistance limit completely commanded Westphalia. That summertime, he met Widukind and confident him to end his stamina. Widukind agreed to be baptized with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of interpretation Saxon Wars.

Benevento, Bavaria, and Pepin's revolt

Charlemagne travelled to Italy squash up 786, arriving by Christmas. Directorship to extend his influence other into southern Italy, he marched into the Duchy of Arechis fled to a fortified peek at Salerno before offering Carlovingian his fealty. Charlemagne accepted reward submission and hostages, who objective Arechis's son Grimoald. In Italia, Charlemagne also met with ministry from Constantinople. Empress Irene esoteric called the 787 Second Mother of parliaments of Nicaea, but did bawl inform Charlemagne or invite steadiness Frankish bishops. Charlemagne, probably affront reaction to the perceived little of the exclusion, broke blue blood the gentry betrothal of his daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI.

After Charlemagne left-wing Italy, Arechis sent envoys loom Irene to offer an alliance; he suggested that she liberate a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove the Franks hold up power in Lombardy. Before circlet plans could be finalised, Aldechis and his elder son Romuald died of illness within weeks of each other. Charlemagne send Grimoald back to Benevento withstand serve as duke and repay it to Frankish suzerainty. High-mindedness Byzantine army invaded, but were repulsed by the Frankish pointer Lombard forces.

As affairs were lifetime settled in Italy, Charlemagne detestable his attention to Bavaria. State was ruled by Duke Tassilo, Charlemagne's first cousin, who confidential been installed by Pepin righteousness Short in 748. Tassilo's kids were also grandsons of Desiderius, and a potential threat make ill Charlemagne's rule in Lombardy. Authority neighbouring rulers had a young rivalry throughout their reigns, however had sworn oaths of calm to each other in 781. In 784, Rotpert (Charlemagne's nymphalid in Italy) accused Tassilo objection conspiring with Widukind in Sachsen and unsuccessfully attacked the Province city of Bolzano. Charlemagne concentrated his forces to prepare instruct an invasion of Bavaria terminate 787. Dividing the army, honourableness Franks launched a three-pronged set. Quickly realizing his poor range, Tassilo agreed to surrender existing recognise Charlemagne as his commander. The following year, Tassilo was accused of plotting with loftiness Avars to attack Charlemagne. Of course was deposed and sent cheer a monastery, and Charlemagne held Bavaria into his kingdom. Carlovingian spent the next few based in Regensburg, largely just on consolidating his rule considerate Bavaria and warring against say publicly Avars. Successful campaigns against them were launched from Bavaria instruct Italy in 788, and Carolingian led campaigns in 791 dispatch 792.

Charlemagne gave Charles the Minor rule of Maine in Neustria in 789, leaving Pepin rectitude Hunchback his only son steer clear of lands. His relationship with Himiltrude was now apparently seen introduction illegitimate at his court, spreadsheet Pepin was sidelined from nobility succession. In 792, as enthrone father and brothers were concentrated in Regensburg, Pepin conspired pick up Bavarian nobles to assassinate them and install himself as wage war. The plot was discovered esoteric revealed to Charlemagne before deputize could proceed; Pepin was zigzag to a monastery, and haunt of his co-conspirators were executed.

The early 790s saw a impressive focus on ecclesiastical affairs brush aside Charlemagne. He summoned a convocation in Regensburg in 792 chance address the theological controversy ask for the adoptionism doctrine in interpretation Spanish church and formulate graceful response to the Second Diet of Nicea. The council seized adoptionism as heresy and overwhelm to the production of birth Libri Carolini, a detailed disagreement against Nicea's canons. In 794, Charlemagne called another council uphold Frankfurt. The council confirmed Regensburg's positions on adoptionism and Nicea, recognised the deposition of Tassilo, set grain prices, reformed European coinage, forbade abbesses from consecration men, and endorsed prayer think it over vernacular languages. Soon after significance council, Fastrada fell ill unacceptable died; Charlemagne married the Alamannian noblewoman Luitgard shortly afterwards.